The article explores the evolution of hominids and the development of modern capitalist societies, emphasizing the role of free markets and trade in shaping human social structures. It traces the origins of human collaboration and property ownership back to early hominids, highlighting the significance of trade in tools, food, and fire. The narrative challenges the notion of pre-Marxist communism among hunter-gatherer societies, suggesting that early forms of capitalism and specialization were crucial for survival and social development. Key figures and works in anthropology and economics are referenced to support the arguments.

The article critiques the socialist policies implemented in Mali under Moussa Traoré, highlighting their failure to address economic challenges and improve living conditions. It contrasts the inefficacy of socialism with the benefits of capitalism, citing improvements in Mali's economy following liberal reforms. The text underscores the importance of market incentives and private property rights, arguing that capitalism has played a crucial role in Mali's economic growth and intellectual renaissance.