The study investigates cognitive impairment and its risk factors among the elderly in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, using the Myanmar-translated version of the Revised Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale (HDS-R). The findings indicate that 29.9% of participants exhibited cognitive impairment, with females and those over 70 years old being more susceptible. Key risk factors include low educational levels, dependency, solitary living, and poor self-rated health, while living with family and good self-rated health are protective factors. The study emphasizes the need for early preventive measures and further research to confirm cognitive impairment through clinical diagnosis and explore specific cognitive domains.