Nayib Bukele has defied El Salvador's constitutional prohibition on a second presidential term, winning over 83% of the vote in the recent election. His party, Nuevas Ideas, is set to secure 58 of the 60 seats in the unicameral legislative assembly. Traditional parties, the conservative Alleanza Repubblicana Nazionalista (Arena) and the leftist Fronte Farabundo Martí per la Liberazione Nazionale (Fmln), failed to surpass 10% of the vote, marking a significant shift in the country's political landscape.

Representatives of the International Monetary Fund and Argentina's far-right government, led by Javier Milei, met to renegotiate the terms of a $45 billion debt. Milei's administration has approved a stringent economic plan to eliminate the deficit, including cuts to public sector wages and pensions, elimination of energy subsidies, and deregulation of the currency market. These measures have led to significant price increases and public protests. The General Confederation of Labor achieved a legal victory against labor reforms, and Milei's legislative efforts are facing resistance. The IMF is concerned about the lack of popular support for these austerity measures.

Argentina faces a highly polarized election with candidates Javier Milei and Sergio Massa. Milei, an extreme right-wing economist, has garnered significant attention and controversy with his radical proposals and aggressive rhetoric. Massa, the current Minister of Economy, is criticized for his economic management and is seen as part of the traditional political establishment. The election is marked by intense public reactions, historical references, and a significant number of undecided voters, making the outcome highly uncertain.

In Buenos Aires, the electoral campaign leading up to the runoff is highly charged, with extreme right-wing candidate Javier Milei facing off against current Economy Minister Sergio Massa. Milei, known for his radical economic proposals and controversial statements, has garnered significant attention and support, particularly among the youth. The country is grappling with severe economic issues, including high inflation and poverty, which have fueled political polarization. The election is expected to be extremely close, with a significant portion of the electorate still undecided. The campaign has seen strong reactions from various groups, including the Madres de Plaza de Mayo, who oppose Milei's candidacy.

The Colombian Finance Minister, Ricardo Bonilla, has reiterated the government's call for the central bank, Banco de la República, to cut interest rates by 75 basis points. This move is aimed at stimulating economic growth amid current financial conditions.

Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Saudi Arabia marks a significant step in strengthening bilateral relations, with strategic agreements and partnerships being formed. The ongoing war in Ukraine sees continued Russian attacks on critical infrastructure, leading to severe energy crises. In Peru, President Pedro Castillo is deposed following a failed self-coup, highlighting the country's political instability. West African leaders agree to establish a regional peacekeeping force to combat jihadism and restore constitutional order, reflecting the region's ongoing security challenges.

The article covers several major international issues: the intensifying Israel-Palestine conflict with new internal dynamics, the Biden administration's controversial handling of the US-Mexico border wall, and Argentine President Alberto Fernández's European tour to seek support for debt negotiations with the IMF. It also highlights recent tensions between Turkey and Italy, and China's demographic challenges. Key developments include Israel's internal strife, Biden's cautious approach to the border wall, Fernández's diplomatic efforts gaining European support, and China's efforts to reverse its declining birth rate.

The article covers significant global events of the week, including the UK's Brexit developments, the weakening of the WTO due to Trump's policies, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine with small but encouraging signs towards resolution. It also discusses Turkey's strategic moves in the Mediterranean and the new Argentine president Alberto Fernández's economic policies aimed at addressing inflation, recession, and debt. Key figures such as Nicola Sturgeon, Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, and Alberto Fernández are highlighted for their roles in these events.

The article covers five significant geopolitical events: the inauguration of Alberto Fernández as President of Argentina, the U.S. Army's investment in rare earth processing plants, the birthday message from Chechen President Ramazan Kadirov to former Armenian security chief Artur Vanetsyan, Japan's record defense budget request, and new U.S. sanctions on Myanmar's military leaders. Key points include Argentina's economic challenges and international relations, the U.S. response to China's rare earth monopoly, the complex political dynamics in Armenia and Chechnya, Japan's strategic defense moves, and the international legal actions against Myanmar for the Rohingya crisis.

The IX Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles highlighted the Biden administration's shortcomings in hemispheric policy. Latin American countries challenge Washington's hegemonic aspirations but lack an alternative plan. Established in 1994 by then-President Bill Clinton, the Summit has historically served to strengthen US policy in the continent and gauge Latin American support for US initiatives. Until 2001, the summits reinforced the alignment of southern governments with the US strategy of 'Engagement and Enlargement,' aimed at promoting liberal values and free trade in the post-Cold War international system.

The article covers various global issues, including inflation concerns driven by fixed-income earners' spending post-lockdown, geopolitical factors like OPEC's oil production cuts, and the economic decoupling of China and the U.S. It also discusses Sudan's decision to review a military agreement with Russia, the relocation of the Copa America to Brazil amid social unrest in Colombia and Argentina, and China's new three-child policy aimed at countering its aging population. Additionally, it highlights the formation of a new Israeli government coalition and the NSA's use of a Danish base for spying on European leaders.

The article provides an overview of recent global events, focusing on the strategic goals of the United States in relation to China and Russia, maritime security in the Indo-Pacific, political developments in Nicaragua, the Israel-Palestine conflict, and the end of France's military operation Barkhane in the Sahel. Key points include the US's efforts to strengthen alliances, the condemnation of Nicaragua's government by the Organization of American States, Israel's military response to Hamas, and France's strategic military adjustments in Africa.

The suspension of the visa agreement with Russia by the European Union will not impact the Ukraine war but highlights the East-West divide in Europe. Eastern EU countries, particularly Poland, are pushing for stricter measures against Russia, contrasting with Western European and U.S. perspectives. Germany opposes further EU expansion without reforms, while Poland's nationalist government targets both Russia and Germany, seeking reparations for WWII atrocities. This shift in decision-making power towards Eastern Europe could reshape the continent's future and EU dynamics.

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken's visit to Italy underscores Washington's commitment to strengthening ties with Mediterranean partners and reasserting global leadership. The visit includes meetings with Italian and Israeli officials, participation in the G20 Foreign Ministers' summit, and discussions on countering China and Russia. Italy faces pressure to increase its political and military engagement in North Africa, particularly in the Sahel, to counter Russian influence. Additionally, Italy and the UAE are negotiating the future of the Italian airbase in al-Minhad, amid tensions over Italy's suspension of military exports to the UAE due to human rights concerns in Yemen.

The article covers the 17th week of the Ukraine war, highlighting international moves ahead of the G7 and NATO summits. Lithuania's partial suspension of goods transit to Kaliningrad and Estonia's security concerns underscore the Baltic states' desire for increased NATO presence. The arrival of U.S. Himars in Ukraine serves as a reminder of U.S. support. The Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act in the U.S. could further decouple U.S. and Chinese economies. In Colombia, Gustavo Petro's election marks a leftward shift, with plans to renegotiate U.S. relations and focus on environmental issues. The East African Community's deployment of a regional force in the Democratic Republic of Congo aims to stabilize the region amid tensions between Congo and Rwanda.

Alberto Fernández has terminated the Foradori-Duncan Agreement with the United Kingdom, which governed relations between the two countries regarding the Falkland/Malvinas Islands. This move is seen as purely electoral, lacking a medium-term geopolitical strategy. Argentine Foreign Minister Santiago Cafiero informed British Foreign Secretary James Cleverly that Buenos Aires considers the 2016 agreement, which reopened bilateral solutions to the Falkland/Malvinas issue, null and void.

The article discusses the international objectives of Mario Draghi's tenure as Italy's Prime Minister, emphasizing the importance of utilizing EU funds effectively and aligning Italy's strategic interests with the West. The Russian invasion of Ukraine has heightened the urgency of these goals, regardless of Draghi's position. The text also explores the potential consequences of Italy's foreign policy decisions on its standing within the EU and NATO, highlighting the challenges posed by inflation, economic growth, and geopolitical isolation.

The article discusses the European Union's failed attempt to re-engage in dialogue with Russia, highlighting the opposition from Eastern European countries and the strategic implications for Germany and France. It also covers the escalating crisis in Nicaragua, with international condemnation of the Ortega government's actions and the geopolitical ramifications. Additionally, it touches on the recent pardon of Catalan leaders by the Spanish government and the controversial election of Ebrahim Raisi as Iran's president, noting the low voter turnout and his contentious past.

The article covers several geopolitical and economic topics, including Emmanuel Macron's comments on NATO's 'brain death' and Angela Merkel's response, the European Union's military strategy, and Germany's commitment to NATO. It also discusses the centralized control of European banks, the limited drilling activities of Eni and Total in Cyprus due to Turkish presence, the US withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement, and the potential impact on global climate negotiations. Additionally, it highlights the visit of Argentina's president-elect Alberto Fernández to Mexico, signaling a shift in Latin American alliances.

The article discusses the rise of the neo-fascist right in Italy, focusing on the Fratelli d’Italia party led by Giorgia Meloni. It highlights recent racially charged incidents and the controversial history of the party, tracing its roots back to the Movimento Sociale Italiano and the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini. The article criticizes the party's racist and fascist expressions and discusses the broader political landscape, including the roles of Forza Italia, Lega, and other right-wing coalitions. It also touches on the failures of left-wing parties and the political instability in Italy, which has contributed to the rise of the far-right.

The Tunisian armed forces and police currently support President Kaïs Saïed, reflecting the population's dissatisfaction with the recently ousted government. The exclusion of the Islamist party Ennahda is seen as a defeat for the Turkey-Qatar axis, benefiting rivals like Saudi Arabia and the UAE, and potentially Russia. Italy supports Tunisia's political and economic stability, while France and the US have not condemned Saied's actions, aiming to maintain influence and competition in the region.

The Russian Ministry of Defense claims to have repelled a significant Ukrainian counterattack in the Donbas region, particularly around the devastated city of Bakhmut. Ukrainian forces have conducted multiple attacks, engaging Russian regular and affiliated forces. The head of the Wagner Group, Evgenij Prigožin, acknowledged the extent of the Ukrainian offensive, which has forced a retreat. With the arrival of new Western military equipment, Ukrainian forces may intensify their efforts to reclaim lost territories. The delivery of UK-supplied Storm Shadow missiles to Ukraine poses a new threat to Russian bases and infrastructure, including the Kerch Bridge.

Evgenij Prigožin, head of the private military company Wagner, has publicly criticized Russian military leaders for their incompetence in logistics and planning, particularly in the battle for Bakhmut in the Donbas region. A diplomatic crisis has erupted between Italy and France over migrant issues, with French Interior Minister Gérald Darmanin accusing Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni of lying to the public, leading to the cancellation of a visit by Italian Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani to Paris. In Paraguay, Santiago Peña of the Colorado Party won the presidential election, maintaining the party's long-standing governance. Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida visited Africa with the aim of countering Chinese and Russian influence and expanding economic relations. German Chancellor Olaf Scholz's visit to Ethiopia and Kenya highlighted the challenges Germany faces in Africa, with economic initiatives falling short of African partners' immediate needs for liquidity.

Paraguay has recently gained attention as a key player in illicit trafficking in South America, the last stronghold of Taiwan's diplomacy in the subcontinent, and a country suspected of hosting international terrorist groups. These issues were central to the presidential elections on April 30, won by Santiago Peña Palacios of the ruling Partido Colorado against opposition leader Efraín Alegre. Geopolitically, Paraguay is strategically located in the heart of South America, serving as a passage for major navigable rivers and situated on the Guaraní aquifer.

Antony Blinken's visit to the Middle East aims to mediate a ceasefire in Gaza and address the Israeli-Hamas conflict, though significant obstacles remain. The U.S. is concerned about the potential negative impact of an Israeli military operation in Rafah on ongoing negotiations and regional stability. In Ukraine, Russia has launched its largest missile attack since the war began, targeting critical infrastructure and causing significant damage. Meanwhile, China and Australia are working to improve their strained relations, focusing on economic cooperation and removing trade barriers. The bilateral relationship has seen improvement under Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, with both countries recognizing their mutual economic dependencies.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague has issued an arrest warrant for Russian President Vladimir Putin and his commissioner for children's rights, Marija L'vova-Belova, for the illegal deportation of Ukrainian children. The warrant follows a UN report that, while not classifying Russian actions as genocide, confirms war crimes by Russian forces. Moscow dismisses the ICC's decision, citing its non-recognition of the court's jurisdiction. The Ukrainian government welcomes the warrant, which complicates Putin's international travel and underscores the diplomatic rift between the West and Russia. The U.S. has shown reluctance to share evidence of Russian war crimes with the ICC, aiming to avoid setting a precedent that could implicate America in the future.

Argentine authorities have been monitoring an unusual influx of pregnant Russian women, with 10,500 cases recorded in 2022. Post-birth, 7,000 have left Argentina after obtaining residency, a precursor to an Argentine passport. An internal investigation by the Argentine Migration Directorate revealed agencies in Russia offering 'birth tourism' packages. RuArgentina, for example, provides services including Spanish courses and postpartum assistance. The Argentine passport, ranking 20th on the Henley Passport Index, offers visa-free travel to 171 destinations, in contrast to the Russian passport's 51st place with 118 visa-free destinations. An investigation has been launched after the denial of entry to six women and the seizure of over $60,000 and documents from Elena Kuklina of ArgentinaFamily, suggesting public document falsification. Local authorities are under scrutiny for potential collusion, and the U.S. Homeland Security Investigations is examining possible terrorism links.

Former Mexican Security Minister has been convicted in the USA for his long-term complicity with narcos, including taking bribes to protect the interests of 'Chapo'. The Mexican President has stated that the narcos had significant control over the government.

The former Mexican Security Minister has been convicted in the USA for being an accomplice to drug cartels, particularly linked to 'Chapo'. The Mexican President acknowledged that the government was under the control of the narcos, highlighting the deep-rooted corruption and influence of drug trafficking within the Mexican government. The conviction underscores the challenges in combating organized crime and corruption in Mexico.

On the first anniversary of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the United States announced new economic sanctions on Moscow and military aid to Kyiv. Poland and Germany also increased their military support to Ukraine. Turkey's President Erdoğan continues to mediate between Russia and Ukraine, while China released a document on the conflict, aiming to gain diplomatic leverage. Despite extensive sanctions, Russia has managed to circumvent many of them, with significant support from China and India. The economic impact on Europe remains severe, with higher energy costs affecting industrial competitiveness. In Latin America, Brazil's President Lula maintains a neutral stance on the Ukraine conflict, reflecting a broader regional trend of seeking autonomy from U.S. influence. Tensions on the Korean Peninsula persist, with North Korea resuming missile tests and the U.S., South Korea, and Japan strengthening their military cooperation. The African Union's recent assembly in Addis Ababa emphasized non-alignment and internal trade development, while maintaining a firm stance against coup-led governments.

The article covers multiple international issues, focusing on the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the geopolitical maneuvers surrounding it. It discusses the implications of Western military support to Ukraine, the strained relations between the US and Germany, and the broader NATO strategy. Additionally, it highlights the VII CELAC summit in Buenos Aires, emphasizing the diplomatic efforts of Brazilian President Lula da Silva and the regional integration initiatives. The article also touches on the deteriorating relations between Burkina Faso and France, and Russia's diplomatic activities in Africa, including its military partnerships and the challenges it faces in gaining support for its actions in Ukraine.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's return to the Brazilian presidency has generated high expectations among Latin American governments. With the resurgence of progressive forces in the region, there is hope for a leadership that can unify the fragmented South American left. The failure of the Grupo de Puebla experiment, led by Argentina's Alberto Fernández and Mexico's Andrés Manuel López Obrador, highlighted the limitations of the new Latin American progressivism, which now looks to benefit from Brazil's renewed pragmatic international policy.

Vladimir Putin's recent speech focused on Russia's internal affairs, avoiding detailed discussion of the Ukraine war. The U.S. and EU are increasing military and financial support to Ukraine, including the potential deployment of Patriot missiles and enhanced training for Ukrainian troops. The Qatargate scandal has implicated several European Parliament members, primarily Italians, in corruption linked to Qatar. In Peru, the political crisis following President Pedro Castillo's ousting has led to regional tensions, with left-leaning Latin American leaders expressing support for Castillo and criticizing the legitimacy of his successor, Dina Boluarte.

The article covers several global issues, including the European energy crisis exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the inconclusive outcomes of the COP-27 climate conference, and a significant long-term gas supply agreement between Qatar and China. It also discusses the ongoing tensions between Serbia and Kosovo, highlighting recent political maneuvers and international mediation efforts. Additionally, it reports on the peace negotiations between the Colombian government and the ELN guerrilla group, emphasizing the regional and international implications of these talks.

In the final hours before Brazil's runoff election, former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and current president Jair Bolsonaro engaged in a heated debate, exchanging insults and accusations. Lula criticized Bolsonaro's governance, citing increased poverty and violence, while Bolsonaro accused Lula of corruption. The debate highlighted the polarized nature of the election, with both candidates attempting to sway undecided voters. The article also touched on the broader issues of political violence and gun control in Brazil, noting the significant number of firearms in civilian hands and the associated rise in violence.

The Italian elections are also being contested in Argentina, where 768,000 voters will elect two deputies and one senator. Two Argentine-originated lists, Usei and Maie, are prominent, with Usei's Eugenio Sangregorio and Maie's Claudio Zin as key candidates. The right-wing coalition led by La Lega, Fratelli d’Italia, and Forza Italia is likely to govern Italy. The center-left Partido Democrático has Antonella Irene Pinto and Mario Aldo Sebastiani as candidates. The 2018 election fraud by Usei and clientelism accusations against Maie and Usei have caused significant controversy.

The right-wing coalition won the general elections on September 25, enabling Giorgia Meloni to become the first female head of government in Italy, marking the most right-leaning government since the fall of fascism. The article explores how a post-fascist party achieved such a result, featuring insights from historian Steven Forti, journalist Franco Delle Donne, and journalist Andrea Cegna. Additionally, it highlights the historical significance of Giuseppe Garibaldi and upcoming referendums in Italy, with a focus on the Italian diaspora in Latin America.

During the pontificate of Argentine Pope Francis, the decline of Catholic faithful in Latin America continues, while the influence of local men and ideas in global ecclesiastical hierarchies increases. The impact of Protestantism is significant, with a growing presence of Pentecostal and Evangelical churches affecting legislation on family and sexual freedom, and reducing the Catholic Church's capacity for action.

Gustavo Petro's presidency in Colombia marks a significant shift, aiming to address historical divides and reshape international relations. His administration seeks to balance domestic and international forces, with initiatives including thawing relations with Venezuela and Cuba, negotiating with the Esercito di liberazione nazionale, revising ties with the United States, and fostering a new leftist, ecologist, feminist, and multiethnic movement in Latin America. China is poised to expand its influence in the region under Petro's leadership.

Chile's Constituent Convention has presented President Gabriel Boric with a draft of the new Constitution, set to replace the 1980 version from Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship. A referendum scheduled for September 4 will determine its approval. Current polls suggest potential rejection of the left-supported draft, and despite acknowledging its unpopularity, Boric has assured that his government will seek alternative ways to amend the current Constitution. The outcome will also affect Santiago's international projection, which is currently closely aligned with the Washington Consensus and shows limited interest in relations with the rest of Latin America.

The presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay declined Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's request to address the recent Mercosur summit via videoconference. This decision reflects the South American bloc's ambiguous stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine, highlighting the region's reluctance to sever ties with non-NATO countries.

The article discusses the role of media in the polarized geopolitical landscape, focusing on the US-China rivalry and the impact of the Ukraine conflict. It highlights the influence of social media on public opinion and the alignment of Western media with NATO positions. The piece critiques the lack of balanced reporting and the shift from multilateralism to a multipolar world, emphasizing the need for non-alignment in regions like Latin America. The author, Roberto Savio, argues for a more inclusive and independent media approach, reflecting on the challenges faced by non-mainstream outlets like Inter Press Service.

The interview with Roberto Savio explores the evolving geopolitical landscape, highlighting the division between China and Russia versus Europe and the United States. It critiques the role of media in shaping public perception and discusses the impact of social media on political polarization. The text emphasizes the challenges faced by non-mainstream media and the importance of maintaining independence and pluralism. It also addresses the implications of US domestic political polarization on international relations and suggests that Latin America should adopt a policy of active non-alignment to navigate the multipolar world.

UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson has announced his resignation, remaining in office until a new Conservative Party leader is chosen. The article explores the implications of his resignation on UK politics, including the country's relationship with the US, the ongoing support for Ukraine, and internal challenges such as the Northern Ireland Protocol and Scottish independence. The UK's economic struggles and the potential shifts in political dynamics within the Conservative Party are also discussed.

Roberto Savio, director of the OtherNews agency, discusses the media's handling of Russia's relations with the EU and the US, particularly in light of the Ukraine conflict. He critiques the media's alignment with power, the loss of horizontality on the internet, and the polarizing effects of social media. Savio notes the European press's bias towards NATO and against Russia, and the absence of negative news about Ukrainians in war coverage. He describes OtherNews as a reader-owned non-profit news service. Savio also comments on the illusion of a world divided into liberal and illiberal blocs, the impact of US domestic politics on international relations, and the need for Latin America to adopt a policy of active non-alignment. He expresses concern over Latin America's political fragmentation and the lack of a strong regional identity in the press.

The war in Ukraine has reconfigured global blocs, establishing a multipolar world with distinct alignments between the US and EU versus Russia and China. The conflict has highlighted the manipulation of media and information, with significant impacts on global food and energy prices, particularly affecting the Global South. The article critiques the media's role in shaping public perception and the polarization of information, emphasizing the need for independent and pluralistic news sources. It also discusses the broader implications of the war on international relations and the potential for increased North-South division.

The article covers three main topics: the global food crisis exacerbated by the conflict in Ukraine, Biden's policy changes towards Cuba and Venezuela, and the political landscape in Lebanon following recent elections. The food crisis is highlighted by the significant reduction in Ukraine's agricultural output and the impact of Russia's export restrictions. Biden's administration is easing sanctions on Cuba and Venezuela, aiming to fulfill campaign promises and reduce migration pressures. In Lebanon, Hezbollah's leader Nasrallah calls for political unity amid economic turmoil, while opposition figures signal a reluctance to compromise.

For Buenos Aires, the war against the United Kingdom forty years ago was not just a desperate move by a failing military dictatorship but a dark chapter in a centuries-old cause. This cause is deemed just as it is crucial for national identity.

Argentina has accepted a debt restructuring plan with the IMF for a $45 billion debt incurred by Mauricio Macri's government in 2018. The plan was approved by a large majority in parliament, revealing a split within the governing coalition. President Alberto Fernandez's supporters negotiated with the right-wing opposition to pass the plan and avoid another default, while the left-wing faction, linked to Vice President Cristina Kirchner, boycotted the vote. The Central Bank accused Macri's officials of using loan funds for capital flight, but no judicial action followed. The IMF admitted to a flawed loan program in 2018. The restructuring includes austerity measures, which the left-wing faction opposes, emphasizing the need for inclusive policies to address the needs of over 5 million Argentinians in extreme poverty.

The Russian invasion and Western sanctions will have economic repercussions not only on Moscow's allies like Cuba, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. By the Summit of the Americas in July, the USA will call on the countries of the region to make a choice of side: the options are not many. Latin America's reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine has brought few but interesting surprises. Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Cuba, already subject to European and/or US sanctions, immediately sided with Moscow, attributing all responsibility for the escalation in the region to NATO. Colombia, the only 'global partner' of the Atlantic Alliance in Latin America, immediately joined the Western measures against Vladimir Putin's government and Russian financial entities.

Gabriel Boric's political journey from a student leader in Punta Arenas to the President of Chile is chronicled, highlighting his early activism, the significant role of the student movement in shaping his political career, and his eventual rise to power. The article discusses the broader political landscape in Chile, including the influence of the Frente Amplio and the challenges Boric faced, including criticism of his background and appearance. Key figures such as Sebastián Piñera, Michelle Bachelet, and Camila Vallejo are mentioned in relation to Boric's story.

The United States hoped Buenos Aires would become a model for the region, while Fernández sought revolutionary concessions from the IMF. The agreement confirms Argentina's dependency and leaves the door open to Russia and China. The Argentine government and the IMF have reached a deal to restructure the $44.5 billion debt from 2018, with the IMF providing necessary aid in exchange for measures to strengthen reserves.

On September 7, 2021, El Salvador became the first country in the world to legalize Bitcoin as legal tender. Businesses and commercial activities are required to accept payments made with the cryptocurrency, which will coexist with the US dollar as the official currency of the Central American state. This bold move is another in a series of unorthodox decisions by President Nayib Bukele, leaving El Salvador with two official currencies, neither of which it can control.

After thirty years, Peru breaks with Fujimorism. However, it will remain committed to the rules of the international market and the United States. Comparisons with Venezuela do not hold up. Pedro Castillo, a rural teacher from the Andean region of Cajamarca, unionist, and leader of the far-left party Perú Libre, has won the runoff elections. On July 28, the bicentennial anniversary of independence, he was sworn in as the president of Peru. His victory as a provincial outsider who identifies as a Marxist-Leninist may seem epochal for a country dominated for thirty years by an economic and social model imposed by the elites of Lima.

China has ordered the suspension of Didi Chuxing's app from app stores due to unspecified regulatory violations related to data management, signaling the Chinese Communist Party's intent to control strategic sectors like technology. Turkey commits to securing Kabul's international airport after the U.S. withdrawal, reflecting improved Turkish-American relations and Turkey's long-term strategic interests in Afghanistan. Lithuania plans to build a barrier on the Belarusian border to stop increasing migrant flows, a move seen as a response to Belarusian tactics to pressure Lithuania. The assassination of Haitian President Jovenel Moïse raises concerns among international organizations and highlights Haiti's dependence on foreign aid and cooperation. Lastly, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh met with Hezbollah's Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah in Beirut to discuss their common fight against Israel, amidst regional geopolitical shifts.

During the decade in power of the recently deceased president Menem, Argentina was under the illusion of taking off while laying the foundations for its collapse. The article discusses the 'peripheral realism' and 'carnal relationship' with the United States, highlighting that the prosperity was limited to a few.

Japan's Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide has agreed with Vietnam's Nguyen Xuan Phuc to export Japanese military technology to Vietnam, including radar and reconnaissance aircraft, to monitor Chinese provocations in the South China Sea. The US is directly intervening in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, with Secretary of State Mike Pompeo set to meet separately with the foreign ministers of Azerbaijan and Armenia. In the UK, a document is circulating within the British government on how to counter Scottish independence if the Scottish National Party wins the next election. In Bolivia, Luis Arce of the Movement for Socialism has won the presidential election, closing a tumultuous period following the ousting of Evo Morales. In Belarus, protests continue with reduced violence as President Aljaksandr Lukašenka prepares for a constitutional reform deadline.

India has banned 59 Chinese apps, signaling a strategic shift towards the US and away from its neutral stance. Hong Kong's new national security law significantly reduces its autonomy, undermining the 'one country, two systems' principle. Israel's annexation of the West Bank is delayed, reflecting internal divisions and strategic hesitations. The USMCA trade agreement has come into effect, marking a victory for Trump and impacting Mexico's domestic reforms and international positioning. Germany begins its EU Council presidency, with a focus on economic recovery, Brexit negotiations, and a tougher stance on China without fully antagonizing it.

The week began with a positive note for Italy as France and Germany proposed a €500 billion plan that aligns with Rome's request for common debt issuance to fund economic recovery without resorting to loans. However, the amount is not seen as sufficient to offset the economic downturn in Europe. The Franco-German plan is not a revolutionary moment for the EU, as it aligns with Germany's geopolitical strategy to maintain favorable conditions for its manufacturing surplus. The Turkish-supported Government of National Accord's capture of the al-Watiya base in Libya marks a new phase in the conflict, strengthening Ankara's hold on Tripolitania. The UK government's announcement of a maritime border with Northern Ireland post-Brexit represents a significant shift, introducing bureaucratic division for the first time since the 17th century. Argentina has technically entered default on a $503 million payment to international creditors, but negotiations on restructuring the $66 billion debt continue, with both sides appearing to move closer to an agreement. Hong Kong faces potential protests as China plans to introduce a national security law, which could exacerbate instability and affect relations with Taiwan and the US. The US's planned exit from the Open Skies Treaty is seen as a move against Russia and China, potentially leading to the end of the New START Treaty.

Presidents Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin issued a joint statement on the 75th anniversary of the Elbe Day, reflecting a rare event of cooperation. The strategic context today differs, with Russia aligning more with China against American offensives. Speculations suggest a potential Russian-American rapprochement could be significant for this century, overcoming internal U.S. opposition and the complex Russian-Chinese ties. The article also discusses the diverging interests of Russia and Iran in Syria, U.S. strategic moves in Greenland, the crisis within Mercosur due to Argentina's withdrawal from trade negotiations, and the appearance of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un after speculations about his health.

Mario Draghi, former president of the European Central Bank, published an editorial in the Financial Times outlining a European strategy to combat the impending recession caused by the coronavirus pandemic. He advocates for increased public debt and the cancellation of private debts, emphasizing that the current crisis is not anyone's fault and that debt should not be seen as a blame. Draghi's intervention comes at a time of significant international confusion and lack of coordinated economic responses, highlighting the ideological conflicts within Europe. His message underscores the need for survival and continuity over strict adherence to past economic doctrines.

The article covers the political crisis in Bolivia following Evo Morales' resignation, the escalating violence in Hong Kong protests, and the Israeli military actions against Islamic Jihad in Gaza. In Bolivia, the interim government led by Jeanine Añez faces legitimacy issues and increasing street violence. In Hong Kong, protests have intensified with a harsh police crackdown, and Beijing's stance is hardening. In Gaza, Israeli airstrikes target Islamic Jihad leaders, reflecting internal and regional power dynamics. The article also touches on Xi Jinping's visit to Greece, highlighting strategic economic agreements, and the injury of Italian soldiers in Iraq, emphasizing the complexities of Italy's military involvement.

Five Italian special forces soldiers were wounded in Iraq, highlighting the challenges faced by Italian institutions in justifying the use of force to a public skeptical of war. Bolivian President Evo Morales resigned after the military and police urged him to do so amid opposition protests and allegations of election irregularities. Spain's repeat elections increased parliamentary fragmentation without resolving the political deadlock, with the Socialist Party losing seats and the far-right Vox party gaining. In Hong Kong, protests escalated with serious injuries and a death, while the government received backing from Beijing. Iran announced a new oil field discovery, potentially increasing its reserves by a third, amid tensions with Saudi Arabia and offers of nuclear cooperation with Gulf countries.

Argentina's economic crisis, exacerbated by Macri's neoliberal policies, has led to increased poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The IMF's alignment with Macri's government is criticized, and there is a call for structural reforms under the upcoming Alberto Fernandez government. The focus is on creating quality jobs and implementing production-focused reforms to reduce reliance on social policies. The role of popular economies and social movements in shaping future policies remains uncertain.

The article covers several key global developments: the geopolitical friction between Turkey and Russia in Syria, the death of ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and its limited impact on the organization, Russia's energy strategy in Europe with projects like Nord Stream 2 and TurkStream, and the political landscape in Argentina with the upcoming presidency of Alberto Fernández. It also touches on the UK's political situation with the upcoming general election and the potential implications of allowing Huawei to participate in the 5G network development.

Uruguay faces a pivotal moment in its primary elections to determine presidential candidates for the October 27th election. The Broad Front, the ruling left-wing party since 2005, may lose power for the first time as internal competition intensifies among four candidates. Despite the country's economic success and the lowest poverty rate in Latin America, the Broad Front must navigate a political landscape where right-wing parties like the Partido Nacional and Partido Colorado are gaining ground. Carolina Cosse, representing the wing of change within the Broad Front, discusses the party's legacy, Uruguay's international stance, and the need to further civil rights, including addressing gender violence.

Argentina's political parties finalized their candidate lists for the presidential elections on October 27, with potentially eight president/vice-president tickets in the running. President Mauricio Macri's coalition, Frente Justos por el Cambio, includes Miguel Ángel Pichetto as vice-president. The opposition, Frente de Todos, is led by former President Kirchner's chief of staff, Alberto Fernandez, with Cristina Kirchner as vice-presidential candidate. The country faces a deep economic crisis with a debt of $156 billion, a third owed to the IMF, and Macri is positioning himself as the guarantor of fiscal responsibility. The opposition proposes prioritizing social recovery over debt obligations. Argentina's economic indicators show high unemployment, poverty, inflation, currency devaluation, and interest rates.

The Venezuelan crisis has highlighted the challenging relationship between Bogotá and Caracas, with Colombia being a primary destination for Venezuelan migrants crossing the border. The regional instability triggered by the crisis poses significant challenges for Colombia's new president Iván Duque, who is supported by major conservative governments in the hemisphere.

Between 1989 and 2013, 115 Paraguayan peasants were killed by security forces and hitmen, linked to agribusiness and state complicity. The Coordinadora de Derechos Humanos del Paraguay (Codehupy) report highlights the high concentration of land ownership, fraudulent land allocations, and the violent repression of peasant movements. The article criticizes the Paraguayan government's policies favoring large agribusinesses, particularly soy cultivation, and calls for land reform and improved living conditions for peasant communities.