Takotsubo syndrome, also known as stress cardiomyopathy or broken heart syndrome, is a temporary non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy triggered by emotionally intense stressful situations. It mimics the symptoms of a heart attack but does not interfere with blood flow. The condition involves the release of catecholamines, which can be toxic to the heart muscle and cause vasoconstriction, leading to ischaemia. The syndrome is named after a Japanese basket used to catch octopus, as the left ventricle of affected patients takes on a similar shape.

Uterine prolapse is a form of pelvic organ prolapse where the uterus descends from the lesser pelvis into the vagina, which can be caused by childbirth, aging, obesity, traumatic injury, or increased abdominal pressure. Severity ranges from 1st to 4th degree, with various symptoms like pain, a feeling of encumbrance, and incontinence affecting quality of life. Diagnosis is typically through a pelvic exam, and treatment varies from conservative methods like Kegel exercises and pessaries to surgical options such as hysterectomy or uterine suspension. The prognosis depends on the severity and causes of the prolapse.

Wolff Parkinson White syndrome is a cardiac condition characterized by abnormal electrical impulse transmission between the atria and ventricles, leading to tachyarrhythmias and palpitations. The presence of an accessory bundle, Kent’s bundle, causes ventricular pre-excitation. Diagnosis is made via electrocardiogram, and treatment options include vagal maneuvers, drug administration, electrical cardioversion, and catheter ablation. The condition can lead to sudden cardiac death if untreated, particularly affecting healthy young individuals.

The peritoneum is a thin, mesothelial serous membrane in the abdomen, forming the lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covering many internal organs. It is the largest and most complex serous membrane due to its coverage of multiple organs with varied shapes and orientations. The peritoneum consists of two layers: the parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity walls and the visceral peritoneum covering the organs. It also serves as a conduit for blood, lymph vessels, and nerves. The peritoneum is involved in various pathologies, including peritonitis, ascites, and pneumoperitoneum, and plays a role in peritoneal dialysis.

Leriche syndrome is characterized by chronic obstruction of the aortic bifurcation, leading to symptoms such as intermittent claudication, reduced peripheral pulses, and erectile dysfunction. Diagnosis typically involves CT scans or MRIs, with additional tests like color Doppler ultrasound and arteriography. Treatment options range from antiplatelet therapy and compression stockings to various surgical procedures depending on the severity and location of the lesions. Preventative measures include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and avoiding smoking.

Pityriasis Rosea of Gibert is a benign skin condition predominantly affecting children or young adults aged 10 to 35 years, characterized by a main reddish and scaly patch known as the 'mother patch' or 'Medallion of Gibert', followed by smaller spots. It is believed to be caused by a viral infection, particularly herpes virus strains 6 and 7, and is not considered contagious. Diagnosis is typically made through physical examination, and the condition usually resolves on its own within 40-60 days. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, particularly itching, and may include antihistamines, cortisone-based ointments, and in some cases, acyclovir.

Amyloidosis is a group of rare, serious conditions caused by deposits of abnormal proteins, called amyloids, in tissues and organs. These deposits can lead to organ malfunction and potentially death if untreated. Symptoms vary depending on the affected organ, with cardiac amyloidosis leading to heart enlargement and impaired function. Diagnosis involves biopsies and imaging techniques, while treatment focuses on preventing further protein production and managing organ damage, often requiring chemotherapy and, in severe cases, organ transplantation.

Psoriasis is a chronic dermatological disorder affecting immunocompromised individuals, characterized by red spots and pustules covered with whitish scales. It is not contagious and primarily affects the skin's surface. The disorder can be triggered by genetic factors, physical or psychological stress, infections, hormonal changes, and certain medications. Symptoms include red patches, papules, pustules, and itching, commonly affecting the scalp, elbows, knees, and other areas. Diagnosis is typically made through clinical dermatological examination, and treatments include topical products, systemic oral therapy, biological drugs, and phototherapy. Stress relief and a healthy lifestyle are recommended to manage the condition.

Heart murmurs are noises caused by turbulent blood flow, occurring due to abrupt changes in flow amplitude, fast blood flow, or low blood viscosity. They have various characteristics including point of origin, irradiation, onset time, duration, and intensity, ranging from barely perceptible to very strong. Systolic murmurs include holosystolic, mesosystolic, and telesystolic types, while diastolic murmurs include protodiastolic, mesotelediastolic, and telediastolic types. Other types include continuous murmurs and pericardial rubs, often associated with pericarditis.

Ebstein's anomaly, first identified in 1866, is a congenital heart disease characterized by the downward displacement of the tricuspid valve, leading to various symptoms depending on the severity. These symptoms can include cardiac arrhythmias, right congestive heart failure, and cyanosis. The condition results from the tricuspid valve not forming normally during heart development, causing valvular insufficiency and potential complications such as pulmonary valve stenosis and interatrial septal defects. Diagnosis can occur during pregnancy or at birth, with various tests like electrocardiograms and echocardiography used for detection. Treatment ranges from pharmacological to surgical interventions, including valvuloplasty and valve replacement.

Pes cavus, a common malformation characterized by an accentuated medial plantar arch, can lead to postural problems and pain. It contrasts with flat foot, which features a flattened plantar vault. Pes cavus can be congenital, adaptive, or idiopathic, with potential causes including neurological diseases, skeletal causes, and trauma. Symptoms may include pain, unstable ankles, and difficulty in movement, with severe cases leading to tendonitis or tendon rupture. Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and may include X-rays, MRI, or electromyography. Treatment varies from conservative methods like custom insoles and physiotherapy to surgical interventions, depending on the cause and severity.

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder often caused by gallstones blocking bile flow, leading to biliary colic. It can be acute or chronic and may occur without stones (alitiasic). Risk factors include obesity, type 2 diabetes, and rapid weight loss. Many with gallstones remain asymptomatic, while others may experience severe complications. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound and blood tests. Treatments range from bile acid administration for small stones to laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cases. Dietary advice includes staying hydrated, eating balanced meals, and avoiding high-fat diets and rapid weight loss to prevent stone formation and improve gallbladder motility.

Cardiac arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rhythm, characterized by irregular, too fast, or too slow heartbeats. Causes include smoking, alcohol abuse, drug use, and various medical conditions. Symptoms range from palpitations to syncope. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ECG, echocardiogram, and other tests. Treatment varies from no intervention for non-disturbing arrhythmias to medication, pacemakers, or other medical procedures for more severe cases.

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neurological disorder affecting motor skills, caused by brain lesions occurring before, during, or after birth. It impacts 17 million people globally, with symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to severe motor function impairment. Causes include genetic mutations, maternal health issues, and birth complications. Diagnosis involves physical exams and various imaging tests, while treatment focuses on symptom management through medication, physiotherapy, and sometimes surgery. Preventative measures include maternal health care and safety precautions for newborns.

Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune bullous dermatosis affecting the skin and mucous membranes, characterized by the disruption of cell adhesion mechanisms, particularly desmosomes. The disease, which can be potentially fatal if untreated, involves autoantibodies IgG4 and IgA attacking desmogleins, leading to painful lesions. Various forms of pemphigus include pemphigus vulgaris, vegetans, foliaceus, IgA pemphigus, paraneoplastic pemphigus, drug-induced pemphigus, and pemphigus herpetiformis. Diagnosis involves clinical signs, skin biopsy, and immunofluorescence techniques. Treatment includes corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and in severe cases, hospitalisation and protective isolation.

Appendicitis, the inflammation of the vermiform appendix, is a significant cause of severe abdominal pain worldwide with around 16 million cases annually, resulting in approximately 70,000 deaths. It is caused by an obstruction of the appendix cavity due to various factors, leading to increased pressure, decreased blood flow, and bacterial overgrowth. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, but 40% of cases may not present these typical symptoms. Diagnosis is based on patient signs, symptoms, and specific diagnostic maneuvers, with laboratory tests and imaging like ultrasound and CT scans aiding confirmation. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the appendix, with antibiotics as an alternative in some cases. Complications can include peritonitis and sepsis if the appendix ruptures.

The Valsalva manoeuvre, named after physician Antonio Maria Valsalva, is a medical technique involving a deep inhalation followed by a forced exhalation with the glottis closed. Initially used to clear the ear, it is now significant in cardiology for diagnosing and managing conditions like tachycardia and heart failure. The manoeuvre involves four phases affecting intrathoracic pressure and heart rate. Despite modern imaging reducing its use, it remains valuable in specific diagnostic contexts, such as assessing left ventricular function and diagnosing heart murmurs and autonomic dysfunction.

The article provides a detailed overview of various pain points associated with the liver, gallbladder, stomach, and pancreas, which are significant in medical diagnostics. It describes specific locations and conditions under which these pain points become relevant, such as acute cholecystitis, biliary lithiasis, and pancreatitis. The text serves as a guide for physicians to identify and diagnose abdominal issues through palpation and other physical examination techniques.

The Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR) is a minimally invasive, state-of-the-art device used to treat heart failure when drugs are ineffective. It is implanted via a trans-venous femoral puncture and creates a communication channel in the interatrial septum to reduce left atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure. This treatment is applicable to patients with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction heart failure. International studies indicate that AFR implantation leads to a significant reduction in symptoms and hospitalizations, improving patients' quality of life and allowing them to engage in physical activity without the need for replacement.

Eisenmenger syndrome is a rare complication of congenital heart defects, leading to abnormal circulation between the heart and lungs and pulmonary hypertension. It can result in severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, and cyanosis, and may lead to sudden death, particularly in pregnant women. The syndrome is caused by a shunt or hole present from birth that connects blood vessels or cardiac chambers. Early detection and specific surgery can prevent the syndrome, while advanced cases may require lung and heart transplants. Pharmacological treatment offers only slight symptom reduction.

Eyelid ptosis, commonly known as drooping eyelid, is a condition where the upper or lower eyelid droops, potentially obstructing vision. It can be congenital or acquired, with causes ranging from muscle dystrophy and neurological deficits in children to senile involution in adults. Diagnosis involves a thorough examination by an ophthalmologist, and treatment varies from monitoring and exercises to surgical intervention in severe cases. Surgery aims to correct the eyelid position, but it comes with potential complications such as infections, excessive retraction, and dryness of the eye.

Murphy’s maneuver is a diagnostic technique used to investigate pain originating in the gallbladder, named after American surgeon John Benjamin Murphy. It involves the patient lying supine while the doctor presses on the gallbladder point and asks the patient to inhale deeply. A positive Murphy’s sign, where pain is exacerbated and inhalation is abruptly stopped, indicates the probable presence of cholecystitis or gallstones. However, a positive sign is not sufficient for diagnosis, which requires further laboratory and imaging tests to avoid false positives and negatives.

Blumberg’s sign is a clinical indicator of peritoneal wall inflammation, identified by rebound pain upon abrupt release of abdominal palpation. A positive Blumberg’s sign suggests possible peritonitis, while a negative sign does not necessarily rule out abdominal pathology. It is particularly relevant in emergency situations and should be assessed before administering anti-inflammatory drugs, which could mask the pain and lead to a false negative. The sign's pathological meaning is linked to peritonitis, where early detection and location are crucial. Further tests are required to confirm initial diagnoses.

McBurney’s point is a crucial landmark in medical examinations for diagnosing acute appendicitis. Located at the first third of the line connecting the right anterior superior iliac spine and the navel, pressing this point and eliciting pain indicates a positive McBurney point, suggesting possible colon pathology, particularly acute appendicitis.

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, the largest artery in the human body. It can result from genetic syndromes or occur in isolation, predominantly affecting men. The condition can be categorized into pre-ductal, ductal, and post-ductal forms, each with varying severity and symptoms. Diagnosis involves detecting the absence of femoral pulse, increased upper limb blood pressure, and heart murmurs, confirmed through electrocardiograms, chest x-rays, and other imaging techniques. Treatment typically involves surgical intervention, with post-operative care including regular monitoring and assessments for sports suitability.

Parotitis, commonly known as mumps, is a contagious viral disease characterized by swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotids. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and glandular swelling, which typically lasts 5-7 days. The disease is preventable through vaccination, specifically the MMR vaccine. Complications are rare but can include aseptic meningitis, permanent hearing damage, pancreatitis, and orchitis. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and can be confirmed through laboratory tests. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, as there is no specific cure for mumps.

Crab lice, also known as pubic lice, are small insects that infest the genital area and can cause intense itching. They are spread primarily through intimate or sexual contact and are not related to poor personal hygiene. Treatment involves using over-the-counter topical creams, lotions, or shampoos, and in some cases, prescription medications may be required. It is also important to decontaminate clothing and bedding to prevent re-infestation.

A stye is a benign inflammation of the sebaceous glands in the eyelashes, appearing as a pimple-like bubble on the eyelid. It is often accompanied by pain, swelling, and redness but typically resolves within 1-2 weeks. The condition is more frequent in individuals with blepharitis and can be caused by poor hygiene, contaminated towels, expired cosmetics, or improperly disinfected contact lenses. Preventive measures include proper eye and hand hygiene. Treatment usually involves warm compresses and, if necessary, antibiotic-cortisone ointments. In severe cases, medical intervention may be required.

Oligospermia accounts for 30-50% of couple infertility causes, affecting about 15% of couples. Male infertility contributes to 30% of cases, making oligospermia a common issue. It is characterized by a low sperm concentration in the ejaculate, with less than 15 million sperm per milliliter according to WHO. Diagnosis is through a spermiogram, which assesses sperm count, viability, motility, and morphology. Causes of oligospermia include varicocele, infections, hormonal issues, lifestyle factors, and genetic defects. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve lifestyle changes, surgery, or assisted fertilization techniques. Prevention includes early treatment of testicular issues, avoiding testicular trauma, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

The intra-aortic counterpulsation is a cardiology device providing temporary circulatory assistance by supporting the left ventricle of the heart. Developed in the 1960s by Dr. Kantrowitz and his team at Grace Sinai Hospital, it was first clinically implanted in 1967 at Maimonides Medical Center. The device, further developed for cardiac surgery by Dr. David Bregman in 1976, and later refined by Dr. Subramanian in 1978, works by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand and increasing cardiac output. It consists of a mechanical part and a catheter with a balloon, which is introduced into the thoracic aorta via the femoral artery. The device's operation is synchronized with the cardiac cycle, reducing the workload on the heart and increasing blood flow. Potential complications include tissue ischemia, renal failure, and cerebral embolism. Proper management and routine maintenance by healthcare professionals are crucial to avoid life-threatening complications.

Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones, making them brittle and prone to fractures, particularly in the hip, wrist, and spine. It occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the loss of old bone. The article discusses the symptoms, diagnosis methods, and various treatments for osteoporosis, including medications like bisphosphonates and hormone replacement therapy. It also highlights risk factors such as age, gender, and lifestyle, and emphasizes the importance of a healthy diet and regular exercise in preventing and managing the disease.

Onychocryptosis, commonly known as an ingrown toenail, is a condition that can cause pain, redness, and inflammation when the corner of the toenail grows into the skin. It mainly affects adults aged 20 to 30 and can lead to serious infections if not treated properly. Risk factors include congenital deformities, trauma, long toes, excessive sweating, and diseases like diabetes, arthritis, and obesity. Treatment varies from conservative methods like warm water foot baths to surgical removal of the nail plate, depending on the severity of the condition.

Lazy eye, or amblyopia, is a common visual impairment in children, leading to reduced vision in one eye due to a lack of proper neuronal and visual development. It can result from factors like strabismus, refractive defects, or eye diseases such as cataracts. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as the condition is most successfully treated before age 6. Treatments include the use of eye patches, atropine-based eye drops, and corrective lenses, with surgery as an option in some cases. Without timely intervention, amblyopia can lead to permanent vision loss and associated muscular problems.

Sociopathy, defined as antisocial personality disorder, is a pathology that prevents individuals from adapting to the ethical and behavioral standards of their socio-cultural community. It includes a range of behaviors such as lack of remorse, disregard for the law, and manipulative tendencies. The DSM-5 categorizes it within cluster B personality disorders. Sociopathy is more prevalent in males and can be associated with criminal behavior. It may have genetic factors or stem from environmental influences like a denied childhood or abuse. Diagnosis is complex, but psychotherapy focusing on skill building and behavior change is the primary treatment, with medications used to manage co-occurring disorders. Anger management programs may also be beneficial.

Orchiepidimitis is an inflammation of the epididymis and testis, commonly affecting men between twenty and forty. It can result from urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, recent urogenital surgery, or medication like amiodarone. Symptoms include rapid swelling, pain, and discomfort, often requiring antibiotics for treatment. Preventive measures include avoiding alcohol, carbonated drinks, and excessive coffee, wearing cotton underwear, and practicing safe sex. Early medical consultation is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Osteomyelitis is an infection of the osteoarticular system, primarily affecting bones rich in spongy tissue. It is more common in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The infection is usually caused by pyogenic bacteria, mycobacteria, or fungi, and can spread through the bloodstream, from neighboring infected tissue, or from open wounds. Symptoms include intense pain, swelling, and abscess formation. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs. Treatment includes early antibiotic or antifungal therapy, pain management, and possibly surgery. Timely treatment generally leads to a good prognosis, though chronic cases can be more complex.

Cardiac tumors are rare, with an incidence of 0.2% among oncological cases, and can be benign or malignant. Primary cardiac tumors, generally benign, develop in the heart muscle, while metastatic tumors originate in other organs and spread to the heart. Cardiac myxomas, mostly benign and diagnosed around age 50, are the most common type, often found in the left atrium. Despite being benign, they can be deadly if they interfere with cardiac function. Symptoms vary depending on the tumor's size and impact on blood flow. Diagnosis is typically made with echocardiography, CT, and MRI. Treatment is surgical, with a good prognosis and low recurrence risk. Post-surgery, patients can usually return to normal activities.

Pervious foramen ovale is a common condition in adults that can lead to paradoxical embolism and cerebral ischaemic events. The percutaneous closure of the patent foramen ovale is a preventive measure to avoid recurrences of such events. This procedure involves the implantation of prostheses to occlude the communication between the right and left sides of the heart, preventing emboli from entering the arterial system. The article details the diagnostic steps, including various echocardiograms and ECGs, to identify the condition and the subsequent steps for closure. It also discusses the procedure's risks, post-operative care, and future technological advancements in treatment.

Female sexual disorder involves persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or maintain sexual arousal, which can be primary, secondary, generalized, or situational. It often coexists with orgasmic dysfunction and is influenced more by psychological factors than physical ones. Therapy aims to facilitate sexual experiences through communication and specific sexual tasks, with pharmacological treatments like estrogen or testosterone-based therapies aiding psychological interventions.

Onychomycosis is a common nail infection affecting both toenails and fingernails, caused by fungi, molds, or yeasts. It is more prevalent in toenails due to moisture and poor ventilation. Symptoms include nail discoloration, thickening, and crumbling. Risk factors include age, diabetes, immune disorders, and poor footwear habits. Diagnosis involves a simple test to identify the fungus type. Prevention includes maintaining nail hygiene and avoiding moisture. Treatment involves antifungal medications, which can be lengthy, and in severe cases, may require nail removal. Lifestyle changes and natural remedies can aid in prevention and management.

Red eyes, or ocular hyperemia, occur due to dilation of blood vessels in the sclera and can be caused by various factors including inflammation, infection, trauma, disease, and external factors like air pollution or dryness. Common inflammations causing red eyes include conjunctivitis, blepharitis, dacryocystitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, iridocyclitis, and uveitis. Red eyes can also result from dry eye syndrome, allergies, and diseases like glaucoma, ophthalmic herpes zoster, retinoblastoma, trachoma, and corneal ulcer. Other triggers include bad habits like prolonged use of contact lenses or exposure to screens. Treatment should be guided by a specialist, and may involve antibiotics for bacterial infections, eye drops for viral infections or to rebalance the tear film, and further investigations for disease-related red eyes.

Psychopathy, historically recognized as the first personality disorder in psychiatry, is characterized by a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior starting in childhood. Key traits include superficial charm, grandiosity, impulsivity, and a lack of empathy and remorse. Neurobiological models suggest dysfunctions in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex contribute to these traits. Emotional and cognitive deficits, such as difficulty processing emotional information and rigid self-schemas, further explain the manipulative and deceitful behaviors of psychopaths. Dysfunctional parenting is often linked to the development of psychopathy. Treatment focuses on improving empathy and addressing specific cognitive and behavioral deficits.

Morton's Neuroma is a foot pathology characterized by the thickening and compression of the interdigital nerves, leading to severe pain. It primarily affects women between 40 and 50 years old and is less common in men and those under 35. Symptoms include severe pain, burning, numbness, and tingling. Risk factors include foot structure, deformities, postural factors, and wearing narrow shoes. Diagnosis involves discussions with a GP, X-rays, ultrasound, electroneuromyography, and possibly MRI. Treatments range from physiotherapy, sclero-alcoholisation, cryotherapy, and orthotics to pharmacological interventions like anti-inflammatories and anaesthetics. In advanced cases, surgery may be necessary. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.

Spitz’s nevus is a benign skin tumor primarily affecting children, characterized by rapid but limited growth and a reddish color. Named after pathologist Sophie Spitz, it is often confused with melanoma due to similar histological features, necessitating differential diagnosis. The tumor typically appears on the face, lower limbs, and trunk, presenting as a uniformly pigmented macula, nodule, or dome-shaped lesion. Treatment involves surgical removal or medical monitoring, depending on the lesion's characteristics. Risk factors include fair complexion, history of severe sunburns, and multiple moles, with symptoms such as itching, visible blood vessels, and a scaly appearance.

Myopia, a refractive anomaly, is the most common visual defect affecting 30% of the European population and is on the rise globally. Factors contributing to its increase include less time spent outdoors and more time on screens. Research predicts that by 2050, half the world's population could suffer from myopia due to changing lifestyles and increased education. Myopia is primarily genetic but can also be developmental, with various types such as axial, index, and keratoconus myopia. Symptoms include difficulty seeing from a distance, burning eyes, and headaches. Treatments range from spectacles and contact lenses to refractive surgery. Preventive measures include spending time outdoors to reduce the likelihood of developing myopia.

Back pain, particularly low back pain, is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting 40% of people. It can be acute, sub-chronic, or chronic, with various causes including muscle damage, herniated discs, pregnancy, and arthritis. Acute back pain is often due to incorrect movements or excessive efforts and usually resolves with rest. Chronic back pain, lasting over 12 weeks, can be more debilitating and may require medical intervention. Proper posture, moderate physical activity, and targeted exercises are essential for prevention and management. Consulting a doctor is advised if pain persists.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused by pressure on a nerve in the wrist, leading to symptoms like tingling, numbness, and pain in the hand and fingers. Symptoms often worsen at night and can be self-treated with wrist splints, reducing activities that strain the wrist, painkillers, and hand exercises. If these methods fail, a GP may recommend steroid injections or surgery. CTS is more likely to occur in individuals who are overweight, pregnant, or have certain illnesses or repetitive wrist activities.

Maculopathy encompasses a range of eye diseases affecting the macula, a central part of the retina responsible for clear and detailed vision. Maculopathies can be hereditary or acquired, with age-related macular degeneration being the most common in Western countries. Symptoms include decreased vision, distorted images, and difficulty reading. Early diagnosis is crucial, and treatments vary depending on the type of maculopathy, including dietary supplements, anti-angiogenesis injections, and surgical options.

Dependent Personality Disorder is characterized by dependent and submissive behavior, with individuals seeking protection and care due to a self-perception of inadequacy and defenselessness. They struggle with decision-making without excessive advice, tend to submit to others to avoid disapproval, and may choose dominant partners, which can lead to harmful relational imbalances. Diagnosis can lead to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapeutic treatments focusing on self-confidence, autonomy, and recognizing individual needs.

Foot fungal infections, such as tinea pedis (Athlete’s Foot) and tinea unguium (onychomycosis), are common and can worsen if untreated. Good hygiene practices are essential for prevention, but immediate medical consultation is advised if symptoms like flaking skin, discolored nails, or itching occur. Treatment typically involves antifungal drugs, either topical or oral, depending on the infection type and area affected. Risk factors include poor hygiene, non-breathable footwear, excessive sweating, and conditions like diabetes and obesity.

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by immune dysfunction, viruses, bacteria, or fungi. It can lead to serious conditions but has a good chance of full recovery with proper therapy. Symptoms include palpitations, breathlessness, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves ECG, echocardiogram, and sometimes myocardial biopsy. Treatment varies based on the cause, including antibiotics for infections and stopping exposure to toxic substances. Chronic cases may require immunosuppressive treatments or cardiac surgery. Prevention is challenging, but annual flu vaccinations are recommended to reduce risk.

Lupus predominantly affects young women, with a male/female ratio of 1 to 9. Symptoms include joint pain, fatigue, fevers, skin issues, and more. Diagnosis is complex and often delayed, as it involves piecing together various symptoms. The disease can affect multiple organs and is triggered by genetic predisposition and external factors like sun exposure, infections, and stress. Hormonal changes also play a significant role. While pregnancy was once discouraged for women with lupus due to the risk of neonatal lupus, it is now possible with careful monitoring and planning during remission periods.

Bacterial vaginosis is a common infection affecting the female reproductive system, characterized by an imbalance in vaginal pH and a decrease in protective lactobacilli. Symptoms include itching, burning, erythema, edema, and increased vaginal discharge with a fishy odor. Risk factors include unprotected sex, use of intrauterine devices, certain antibiotics, excessive intimate hygiene, and stress. Diagnosis involves gynecological evaluation and pH testing. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and probiotics to restore vaginal flora. Preventive measures include a healthy diet, proper intimate hygiene, and avoiding aggressive detergents and tight synthetic underwear.

Adenocarcinoma, a type of prostate cancer, develops in the prostate gland, part of the male reproductive system. Prostate cancer is common among men, especially those over 80, and is often slow-growing. Risk factors include age, genetics, diet, obesity, and certain prostate conditions. Symptoms can be asymptomatic in early stages but may include urinary and ejaculation issues, bone pain, and frequent fractures in advanced stages. Diagnosis involves medical history, PSA blood tests, imaging techniques, and biopsies. Treatment varies by stage and may include surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy. Preventive measures focus on a healthy lifestyle and regular screenings.

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection characterized by dome-shaped papules with a central umbilication. It affects both adults and children, spreading through direct contact or shared objects. Symptoms include pink, smooth papules that can cause itching and slight pain. Diagnosis is typically straightforward, but in uncertain cases, a skin biopsy may be performed. Treatment options vary from surgical methods to drug therapies, with the goal of eliminating lesions and preventing spread. Preventive measures include avoiding shared personal items and taking precautions in communal areas.

Graves' disease, also known as Basedow-Graves' disease or diffuse toxic goiter, is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland. It is characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and sometimes ocular and skin pathologies. The disease is caused by the immune system producing autoantibodies that stimulate excessive thyroid hormone production. It affects about 0.5% of the global population, predominantly women aged 40-60. Symptoms include psychological issues, hyperactivity, weight loss, and potential complications like exophthalmos and osteoporosis. Diagnosis involves clinical tests and blood work, while treatment options include radioiodine therapy, medication, and surgery.

Kidney cancer, primarily affecting the urinary tract, is most common in men and increases with age, peaking around 60 years. Risk factors include smoking, exposure to carcinogenic substances, obesity, and high blood pressure. Prevention focuses on reducing these risks, with early diagnosis aided by regular abdominal ultrasounds. The disease can be asymptomatic initially but may later present symptoms like back pain and blood in urine. Diagnosis relies on imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT scans. Treatment typically involves surgery, with options varying based on the cancer stage. Survival rates depend on the cancer stage at diagnosis, with early detection significantly improving outcomes.

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It often runs asymptomatic but can present with pain, itching, and vesicles in the genital area. The virus remains latent in nerve ganglia and can reactivate due to stress or illness. Diagnosis involves observing blisters and confirming with antibody tests or PCR. Treatment includes antiviral drugs like acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir to manage symptoms and reduce recurrence. Prevention includes using condoms and avoiding intercourse during active outbreaks. Special precautions are necessary during pregnancy to prevent transmission to the newborn.

Knee tendonitis is an inflammation of the tendons in the knee joint, often caused by functional overload or acute trauma. The condition is common among athletes and individuals whose jobs place stress on the knee. There are three main types: patellar, quadriceps, and popliteal tendonitis, with patellar being the most prevalent. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and stiffness, varying by the affected tendon. Diagnosis typically involves medical history and physical examination, with imaging tests if needed. Treatment focuses on rest, ice application, and possibly anti-inflammatory medications, with surgery as a last resort. Recovery time depends on the severity, ranging from weeks to months. Preventive measures include structured training and proper footwear.

Testicular cancer is a neoplasm originating from cells of the male gonads, with risk factors including cryptorchidism, family history of neoplastic diseases, infertility, cigarette smoking, and tall stature. Symptoms include a small swelling in the testicles, scrotal pain, and other signs such as testicular shrinkage and gynecomastia. Early diagnosis significantly increases recovery chances through surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Diagnosis involves physical examination, scrotal ultrasound, blood tests for tumor markers, and possibly a biopsy. Treatment primarily involves surgery (orchidectomy), with additional chemotherapy and radiotherapy as needed. Regular self-examination is recommended for early detection.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of neurons in the brain, particularly those producing dopamine. Symptoms include tremors, muscle rigidity, and slowed movement, often starting on one side of the body. The disease typically manifests around the age of 50 to 60, though it can occur earlier. While there is no definitive cure, medications can significantly alleviate symptoms, and in some cases, surgery may be recommended. Risk factors include age, family history, gender, and exposure to toxins. Complications can range from cognitive and emotional changes to physical difficulties such as swallowing and bladder problems.

Bone tumors can be benign or malignant, originating either directly from bone cells (primary) or as metastases from other cancers (secondary). Primary bone cancer is rare, with metastatic bone cancer being more common. Symptoms vary based on the tumor's nature and severity, with benign tumors often being asymptomatic and malignant tumors causing significant pain and other systemic symptoms. Diagnosis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various imaging techniques. Treatment depends on the tumor's nature and may include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Constant screenings are crucial for early detection and treatment.

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by increased fatigability and muscle weakness, which can affect the eye muscles and is known as ocular myasthenia. The disease is caused by the production of auto-antibodies that impair neuromuscular transmission, leading to symptoms such as ptosis, strabismus, and double vision. Ocular myasthenia can affect individuals of any age, with a higher prevalence in women. Diagnosis is challenging due to the similarity of symptoms with other eye diseases and the often imperceptible early symptoms. Treatment involves medical therapies aimed at reducing the immune response and increasing acetylcholine to improve muscle function. Multidisciplinary patient management is essential due to the complexity of the disease and potential side effects of treatments.

Telangiectasias are caused by enlarged blood vessels and are common in both men and women. They are usually harmless but can require further investigation if they appear at a young age or in a widespread manner. The article discusses the characteristics, symptoms, causes, prevention strategies, diagnosis, and treatment options for telangiectasias. It highlights that while they are mostly an aesthetic issue, they can be associated with other conditions like rosacea. Various types of telangiectasias are identified, including hormonal, venous insufficiency, and hereditary forms. Treatment options vary depending on the type and underlying causes, ranging from laser therapies to addressing micronutrient deficiencies.

Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder that affects self-perception, social relationships, and daily activities. It typically manifests between ages 18 and 28, with symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive impairments. The disorder has multifactorial causes, including genetic predisposition, prenatal events, and environmental factors. Treatment involves pharmacological therapies and psychotherapies, with early diagnosis being crucial for better outcomes. According to WHO, about one-third of patients can fully recover, while others may experience chronic symptoms or require ongoing therapy.

Melanoma, a malignant tumour arising from melanocytes, has seen a 4% increase in incidence over the past twenty years. Early detection and treatment are crucial for recovery, while late diagnosis can lead to rapid progression and fatality. The article details the causes, symptoms, and diagnostic methods for melanoma, emphasizing the importance of monitoring moles for asymmetry, irregular edges, uneven color, diameter, and evolution. Treatment options include surgical removal, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Preventive measures include avoiding excessive UV exposure and undergoing annual mole checks.

Bladder cancer is a malignant transformation of transitional cells lining the bladder's inner walls, leading to tumor formation. The article details three types of bladder cancer: transitional cell carcinoma, primary squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. It highlights risk factors such as smoking, occupational exposure to harmful substances, bladder infections, chronic urinary inflammation, certain drugs, and an unbalanced diet. Symptoms include blood in urine, burning sensation, pain during urination, and increased risk of urinary tract infections. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, cystoscopy, cytological investigation, and imaging tests. Treatment options include surgery, medical treatment, and radiotherapy, depending on the tumor's characteristics and stage.

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) is characterized by perfectionism, meticulous attention to rules, and excessive attachment to work, often leading to neglect of social activities. Patients with OCPD impose rigid moral principles on themselves and others, are reluctant to delegate tasks, and maintain a lower standard of living to prepare for future disasters. They repress emotions to maintain self-esteem and control. Treatment, primarily cognitive-behavioral therapy, has limited efficacy and slow, incomplete results.

De Quervain's tenosynovitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the thumb tendons' synovial sheath, leading to pain and functional limitations. It is often associated with repetitive microtraumas from activities like sewing, playing an instrument, or using a computer. Symptoms include persistent pain, swelling, and difficulty in thumb movement. Diagnosis is typically through the Finkelstein test and ultrasound, with treatment ranging from rest and anti-inflammatory drugs to corticosteroid injections and potentially surgery for severe cases. Untreated, it can lead to osteoarthritis of the thumb base.

Metatarsalgia is a painful condition affecting the forefoot, particularly the metatarsal bones. It can be caused by various factors including anatomical abnormalities, intense physical activity, improper footwear, obesity, and systemic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms include sharp, dull, or burning pain, often exacerbated by prolonged standing or walking. Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and possibly imaging tests. Treatment typically includes rest, ice application, appropriate footwear, and anti-inflammatory medications, with surgery as a last resort. Preventive measures include wearing proper footwear, using anti-shock insoles, and maintaining a healthy weight.

Blurred vision can be caused by various factors including eye conditions like conjunctivitis, keratitis, cataracts, and changes in the vitreous body. Systemic issues such as blood pressure fluctuations, diabetes, migraines, central nervous system diseases, and autoimmune conditions like psoriasis can also lead to blurred vision. The article emphasizes the importance of consulting a doctor for persistent blurred vision to rule out serious health problems and suggests regular eye check-ups for early detection and treatment.

Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil beyond a normal diameter of 5 mm, which can occur as a physiological reaction to light changes or due to various pathologies, medications, drugs, or alcohol. It can be bilateral or unilateral and may present symptoms such as glare and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the cause, ranging from discontinuing substance intake to seeking medical attention for underlying conditions. Mydriasis can be an indicator of eye diseases like glaucoma or systemic issues such as botulism or cardiac arrest. Drugs like tropicamide, cyclopentolate, atropine, and pilocarpine are mentioned in relation to pupil dilation.

Water retention, often confused with cellulite, is caused by the body's tendency to retain liquids, particularly in areas prone to fat accumulation like thighs, buttocks, and abdomen. It can result from poor eating habits, a sedentary lifestyle, or various medical conditions. Symptoms include swelling, tiredness, and visible capillaries. Diagnosis can involve a 'finger test' or urine collection. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, such as improving diet, increasing physical activity, and avoiding tight clothing. Herbal teas and proper hydration are also recommended.

Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, affecting mainly infants, young children, adolescents, and young adults. It can cause severe complications like septicaemia and permanent brain or nerve damage if not treated promptly. Symptoms vary by age but often include high fever, headache, neck pain, and vomiting. Bacterial meningitis is particularly dangerous and requires immediate antibiotic treatment. Vaccinations are available to protect against various forms of meningitis, and maintaining good hygiene practices is crucial for prevention. Treatment depends on the type of meningitis, with bacterial forms requiring hospitalization and antibiotics, while viral forms often resolve on their own.

Congenital heart disease refers to structural or functional cardiac alterations present at birth, with symptoms manifesting from conception to the embryo-fetal phase, though sometimes discovered later in life. These defects occur when the heart and blood vessels don't develop properly during pregnancy, with an incidence of eight cases per 1,000 live births in Italy. They range from mild forms, often resolving spontaneously, to severe forms requiring immediate intervention. Diagnosis relies on clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic tests, with echocardiography increasing the chances of prenatal detection. Acquired heart disease, in contrast, develops after birth in a previously healthy child and can be due to direct heart issues or related organ diseases.

Avoidant Personality Disorder is characterized by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative judgment. Patients desire intimate relationships but fear criticism and rejection, leading to social withdrawal and depression. They lack internal positive self-assessment criteria and rely heavily on others' perceptions. The disorder is often confused with social phobia but involves a more generalized anxiety and sense of estrangement. Cognitive behavioral therapy over one to two years shows promising results.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan causing trichomoniasis, a contagious infection affecting the genital and urinary tracts. The infection is more symptomatic in women, leading to vaginitis, cervicitis, and urethritis, while often asymptomatic in men. Symptoms in women include foul-smelling discharge, itching, and pain during intercourse. If untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as sterility and increased risk of cervical cancer and HIV transmission. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests, and treatment primarily includes antibiotics like metronidazole and tinidazole. Preventive measures include the use of condoms and regular screening.

The article provides an in-depth explanation of defibrillators, their types, and their operation. It details the voltage and energy levels involved in defibrillation, the structure and function of defibrillators, and the risks associated with their use. The text emphasizes the importance of safety regulations to ensure the defibrillator voltage is not hazardous to the patient's health.

Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eyeball, which can lead to involvement of the retina, vitreous, and fluid within the anterior chamber. It is a common eye condition affecting both men and women, primarily adults aged 20 to 50. The causes of uveitis are varied, including infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, trauma, and drugs. Diagnosis involves a visit to an ophthalmologist and may include tests like visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and pupil dilation. Treatment depends on the cause and can range from local treatments like eye drops to systemic treatments such as oral or intravenous drugs. Early diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications like irreversible vision loss.

Sexual addiction, also known as hypersexuality, is a behavioral addiction characterized by intrusive sexual thoughts and a loss of control over sexual behavior. It is often linked to early traumas, insecure attachment, ADHD, and comorbid psychological disorders. Symptoms include craving, addiction, and withdrawal, leading to significant physical, economic, emotional, and social repercussions. Effective treatments include group therapy, individual psychotherapy, and pharmacological interventions.

The peritoneum is a mesothelial serous membrane in the abdomen, lining the abdominal and part of the pelvic cavity (parietal peritoneum) and covering the viscera (visceral peritoneum). It consists of a thin continuous lamina and is divided into the parietal peritoneum, which lines the inner surface of the abdominopelvic cavity walls, and the visceral peritoneum, which covers the abdominal viscera. A virtual space called the peritoneal cavity, filled with serous fluid, exists between these two layers, allowing them to slide without friction. Some abdominal organs are completely surrounded by the peritoneum and have a double sheet called meso, which connects them to the parietal peritoneum. In contrast, organs like the duodenum and parts of the colon have an incomplete peritoneal lining, leaving some areas exposed.

Aortic valvulopathy is a condition where the aortic valve fails to function properly, leading to either aortic stenosis or aortic insufficiency. Causes vary from congenital defects to acquired conditions such as calcific aortic stenosis and infections. Symptoms can range from being asymptomatic to severe cases causing cardiovascular collapse. Diagnosis involves clinical visits and tests like EcocolorDoppler, and treatment options include drug therapy or surgical valve replacement. Prevention focuses on managing cardiovascular risk factors through a healthy lifestyle.

Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine that typically occurs before puberty. While most cases are mild, severe scoliosis can lead to significant health issues, including respiratory and cardiac problems. Diagnosis involves physical tests and imaging, and treatment ranges from monitoring and bracing to surgery, depending on severity. The article also discusses the impact of scoliosis on children and adults, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and supportive care.

Borderline personality disorder is a controversial and often misunderstood mental health condition characterized by unstable relationships, self-image, and emotions. It is associated with impulsive behaviors and intense emotional reactions, often linked to traumatic childhood events. Treatment primarily involves structured psychotherapy, with dialectical behavioral therapy being notably effective. Maintaining therapeutic continuity is challenging but crucial for long-term results. Drug therapy is generally not decisive but may help manage symptoms.

Basic Life Support Defibrillator (BLSD) involves first aid maneuvers using a defibrillator, crucial in cases of sudden cardiac arrest. The article outlines the procedural steps for adult, pediatric, and infant BLSD, emphasizing the importance of safety, assessment, and proper execution of chest compressions and ventilations. It also highlights the role of the European Resuscitation Council in providing guidelines and the necessity of immediate intervention in cases of airway obstruction.

Neurological bladder is a disorder caused by neurological damage, affecting the lower urinary tract and leading to either incontinence or retention. The severity and prognosis depend on the underlying cause, which can range from spinal cord injuries to diseases like multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis involves various urological and urodynamic tests, and treatment focuses on both symptoms and underlying causes, which may include medication, catheterization, or surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications such as kidney damage.

Ménière’s syndrome is a disorder affecting the inner ear, causing symptoms such as dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, and balance issues. It typically affects one ear but can impact both in some cases. The condition is more common in females over 40 and can lead to permanent hearing loss if untreated. While there is no cure, treatments include pharmacological and surgical options to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Preventive measures include avoiding smoking, excessive caffeine, and alcohol, and maintaining a low sodium diet.

The article provides a detailed historical account of the development of defibrillators, starting from the early prototype built by Claude S. Beck in 1974 to modern Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs). It highlights key milestones, including the transition from alternating current to direct current devices, the invention of the first portable defibrillator by Frank Pantridge, and the development of implantable defibrillators. The text emphasizes the importance of defibrillators in saving lives during cardiac emergencies and discusses the advancements that have made these devices more effective and accessible.

The article provides a comprehensive overview of electrocardiograms (ECG), detailing their purpose, types, and procedures. It explains how ECGs are used to monitor heart activity and diagnose various heart conditions. The three main types of ECGs discussed are resting ECG, dynamic Holter ECG, and exercise ECG, each serving different diagnostic purposes. The article emphasizes the non-invasive and safe nature of ECGs, while also explaining the significance of the PQRST complex in understanding heart function.

Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others and basic social rules. Individuals with this disorder often exhibit chaotic, dishonest, and manipulative behavior, making decisions impulsively without considering consequences. They show little to no guilt, empathy, or consideration for others' perspectives, often engaging in unsafe behaviors such as unprotected sex, drug use, and reckless driving. Treatment options are limited due to a general lack of awareness and motivation among those affected, but cognitive behavioral therapy can offer some benefits if the individual is motivated.

Stenosing tenosynovitis, also known as trigger finger, is a condition where a finger resists extension and then abruptly yields. It is caused by the narrowing of the synovial sheath around the tendon, leading to pain and potential functional blockage. The condition often affects the dominant hand, particularly the thumb, ring, and middle fingers, and is common among individuals performing repetitive gripping actions. Symptoms include swelling, stiffness, a snapping sensation, and localized pain. Diagnosis is clinical, and treatment varies from anti-inflammatory therapy to surgical intervention depending on severity. Risk factors include repeated microtraumas, rheumatoid arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes.

Vasculitis is an inflammatory process affecting blood vessels, categorized into primary and secondary vasculitis. Primary vasculitis has no identifiable cause, while secondary vasculitis can result from infections, drugs, toxins, inflammatory diseases, and neoplasms. Symptoms vary based on vessel size, location, and organ involvement. Historical contributions to the understanding of vasculitis include Giovan Battista Morgagni's 1761 description and the 1968 Capri conference classification. The latest classification comes from the 1982 and 2012 Chapel Hill Consensus Conferences. Diagnosis involves blood tests, angiograms, and biopsies, while treatment depends on the vasculitis type and may include immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. Patients require regular monitoring for disease state and treatment side effects.

Subconjunctival hemorrhage, characterized by bloodstains in the eye due to ruptured capillaries, is generally harmless and resolves on its own. However, it can sometimes indicate more serious conditions like vitreous or retinal hemorrhage, which may impair vision and require medical attention. Common causes include everyday activities like sneezing or coughing, but it can also result from trauma, high blood pressure, or diabetes. Diagnosis typically involves an eye examination, and treatment varies from doing nothing to using artificial tears or antibiotics, depending on the underlying cause.