Amnesty International's study questions the Colombian Government's political will to protect social leaders, highlighting the frequent assassinations and ineffective measures. Despite existing protection mechanisms, the study points out structural failures and a lack of preventive action. The report criticizes the National Protection Unit for its inadequate response and the government's failure to address early warnings. The study also notes the unimplemented peace agreement measures and the problematic reliance on police for protection.

The Colombian government under President Iván Duque faces a political crisis due to ongoing massacres, social leader assassinations, and police abuses. Defense Minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo is under scrutiny, with calls for his resignation and a motion of censure. The situation is exacerbated by the resurgence of FARC dissidents and the ELN, with political figures like Claudia López and Piedad Córdoba voicing strong criticisms. Analysts argue that the government's security strategy has failed, leading to increased violence and insecurity.

Quino, the influential Argentine cartoonist known for creating Mafalda, has passed away at the age of 88. His work has left a significant impact across Latin America, influencing generations of cartoonists and readers. Prominent artists from various countries, including Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Colombia, reflect on how Quino's humor and social commentary shaped their careers and resonated with audiences. Quino's ability to address societal issues through relatable characters and his unique artistic style are highlighted as key elements of his enduring legacy.

Rodrigo Tovar Pupo, alias Jorge 40, a former paramilitary leader, has been deported to Colombia after serving a 12-year prison sentence in the United States for drug trafficking. His return is significant for the victims of his crimes, as he faces numerous charges including massacres, displacements, and disappearances. The deportation was confirmed by Peace Commissioner Miguel Ceballos. Jorge 40's involvement in paramilitary activities and his connections with politicians and businessmen are highlighted. His return to Colombia is seen as a chance for justice and truth for the victims. The article also mentions the controversial appointment and resignation of his son, Jorge Tovar, in the Ministry of the Interior.

The Petronio Álvarez Festival, one of Latin America's most important Afro festivals, adapted to a virtual format due to the coronavirus pandemic. Despite the lack of physical gatherings, the festival featured vibrant performances, including a notable one by Zully Murillo with the Orquesta Filarmónica de Cali. The event also included international collaborations, bringing together musicians and designers from various countries to celebrate and innovate Afro culture. The British Council played a significant role in facilitating these connections. The festival maintained its cultural essence through virtual presentations of music, fashion, and traditional cuisine.

The Supreme Court of Colombia has urged the government to apologize for the excessive force used during the 2019 protests, highlighting systematic issues with police brutality. The court's ruling mandates the suspension of certain weapons and calls for the restructuring of protocols related to the use of force. The decision comes amid recent incidents of police violence, including the death of Javier Ordóñez, which have sparked further protests. The government is also required to maintain neutrality during peaceful demonstrations and to work on protecting the right to protest.

The political party formed from the former FARC guerrilla group has publicly apologized for the kidnappings it committed during Colombia's armed conflict, acknowledging them as grave mistakes. This apology is part of a broader effort towards reconciliation and accountability, as the party seeks to address past wrongdoings and contribute to the peace process. The statement coincides with public discussions on the impact of these crimes, highlighted by the testimony of former kidnapping victim Íngrid Betancourt. The party's leadership, including Rodrigo Londoño, emphasizes their commitment to justice and truth, aiming to prevent such actions from recurring. This move comes amid ongoing challenges in implementing the peace agreements and addressing societal divisions.

The death of Javier Ordóñez due to police brutality has reignited tensions in Bogotá, leading to violent protests resulting in ten deaths and numerous injuries. The incident has escalated the conflict between local and central government authorities, with Bogotá's mayor, Claudia López, condemning the police's use of firearms. President Iván Duque and Defense Minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo face criticism for their handling of the situation. The government plans to increase military presence in the city, while calls for police reform and accountability grow louder, echoing demands from previous protests in 2019.

The death of lawyer Javier Ordóñez in police custody sparked violent riots in Bogotá, resulting in seven deaths and numerous injuries. The unrest began after a video showed police using excessive force on Ordóñez, leading to widespread condemnation and calls for police reform. Bogotá's mayor, Claudia López, emphasized the need for structural changes in the police force and proposed legislative measures to ensure accountability. The incident has intensified the debate on police brutality and the use of non-lethal weapons, drawing parallels to similar cases like the death of Dilan Cruz.

Salvatore Mancuso, a former paramilitary leader, reiterates accusations against high-ranking Colombian officials, including Francisco Santos, the current Colombian Ambassador to the United States. Mancuso claims his extradition to the U.S. silenced the truth about political ties with paramilitary groups. Francisco Santos denies these allegations, stating they have been investigated for 13 years without merit. The article also highlights the political complications surrounding Mancuso's potential deportation back to Colombia, with the Colombian government confident in his return to face justice.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the vibrant dance and music culture in Latin America, forcing people to adapt by moving celebrations online. Virtual parties, such as those organized by Radio Ambulante and Fiesta Bresh, have become popular, allowing people to connect and dance from their homes. In Colombia, Radio La Troja continues to broadcast music to keep the dance spirit alive, while in Mexico, the iconic Los Ángeles dance hall faces closure. In Argentina, DJ Nico Cota hosts weekly Instagram sessions, and the Fiesta Bresh has successfully transitioned to a virtual format. In Puerto Rico and Cuba, cultural centers and artists have turned to digital platforms to continue their work and engage with their audiences despite the challenges posed by the pandemic and other crises.

The reconfiguration and fragmentation of the conflict in Colombia have made it difficult to identify the perpetrators of recent massacres, which have claimed at least 45 lives this month alone. The violence, affecting rural areas across five regions, has not been effectively addressed by President Iván Duque's government. Various armed groups, including ex-FARC dissidents, ELN, and paramilitary remnants like the Clan del Golfo, are implicated. Analysts argue that the conflict has evolved, necessitating a more comprehensive governmental response. The International Committee of the Red Cross highlights multiple ongoing conflicts, while the UN reports a rise in massacres and social leader assassinations. The government attributes the violence primarily to narcotrafficking, but experts suggest a more nuanced understanding is required.

Recent massacres in Colombia have sparked concerns of a return to the country's violent past. Despite the government's claims of reduced homicide rates, international organizations report mass killings and attacks on social movement leaders. The UNHCHR has called on Colombia to act against the violence. Observers attribute some security improvements to the peace agreement with FARC but note increased political violence and conflict with ELN. Military credibility is at a twenty-year low, marred by scandals, corruption, and sexual violence investigations. The government's response to attacks has been increased military deployment, while new rebel groups and paramilitaries vie for control of drug trafficking routes. Senator Roy Barreras criticizes President Duque for politicizing the military and losing territorial control, a decline he describes in three phases over the last two years.

Iván Duque, the President of Colombia, has expressed unwavering support for former President Álvaro Uribe, who is under house arrest. Duque criticized the judicial system's decision and emphasized his belief in Uribe's innocence and honor. He argued that his role as president includes protecting the rights of the accused and highlighted perceived inconsistencies in the judicial system, particularly in comparison to the treatment of former FARC members. Duque's stance reflects his political alignment with Uribe and the Centro Democrático party, despite some internal differences.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the lives of young people in Latin America, forcing them to reconsider their futures and priorities. Many have lost jobs and face an uncertain economic outlook, with youth unemployment rates particularly high in countries like Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. The crisis has exacerbated existing social inequalities and has led to increased mental health issues among the youth. Despite the challenges, young people are determined to build a more inclusive and sustainable future, emphasizing the importance of investing in science and education.

The Colombian Peace Tribunal (JEP) has ordered protective measures for the cemetery in El Salado and the victims of a massacre that occurred in 2002, where paramilitary groups killed, violated, and displaced residents. The massacre, known for its brutality, left an uncertain number of victims, with estimates ranging from 32 to 97. The JEP's decision aims to safeguard the cemetery to aid in the search for 22 missing persons, whose remains may be among those exposed to the elements. This urgent measure seeks to prevent further desecration and loss of remains while awaiting a more thorough investigation post-pandemic.

Diana Malo, a respiratory disease expert at the Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, and her team of epidemiologists face significant challenges in tracking COVID-19 cases amid misinformation and distrust. The team conducts detailed interviews to trace contacts and limit the virus's spread, but the task is daunting due to Colombia's complex geography and the sheer number of cases. The government is developing a strategy to hire more trackers, but logistical issues persist. Despite these challenges, the efforts of the epidemiologists are crucial in managing the pandemic.

Illegal interceptions by the Colombian Army targeting journalists, politicians, and human rights defenders, using U.S.-donated intelligence resources, have drawn international attention and may affect U.S. aid to Colombia. U.S. Representative Jim McGovern has proposed an amendment demanding a thorough investigation into the espionage activities, including those during the administrations of Álvaro Uribe and Juan Manuel Santos. The Colombian Army has been criticized for its lack of transparency and ongoing criminal practices. The outcome of McGovern's amendment could compel the Colombian military to disclose detailed information about their surveillance activities.

Colombian armed groups, including the ELN, FARC dissidents, and paramilitaries, are exploiting quarantine measures to impose strict rules and terrorize populations in 11 of Colombia's 32 departments. Human Rights Watch reports that these groups are using the pandemic to consolidate control, resulting in the deaths of nine civilians, including social leader Edison León Pérez. The groups enforce curfews, restrict economic activities, and spread intimidation through pamphlets and WhatsApp messages, exacerbating the hardships caused by the pandemic.

Bogotá and Medellín have reinstated strict quarantine measures due to rising COVID-19 cases. Bogotá's mayor, Claudia López, has implemented localized lockdowns based on infection rates, while Medellín's mayor, Daniel Quintero, announced a mixed approach of economic openings and closures. The measures, agreed upon with the national government, aim to control the virus's spread and manage ICU occupancy rates. The return to strict quarantine has sparked concerns about economic impacts, particularly from the commercial sector.

The Tribunal de Cundinamarca in Colombia has ordered the Supreme Court to review a previous ruling that was favorable to Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, regarding her alleged links with paramilitary groups in 2002. The case is part of a larger context of the 'parapolitics' scandal, which revealed connections between politicians and armed groups. Human Rights Watch's José Miguel Vivanco has suggested that Gutiérrez should be removed from her position if the investigation is reopened, especially as she is a candidate to become the Ombudsman in a country facing serious human rights violations.

Colombia's military forces have faced a series of scandals over the past year, including espionage, human rights violations, and sexual abuse cases, leading to a significant drop in public trust. The article highlights the impact of these events on public opinion, the role of the peace process, and the need for military reform. Key figures such as Nicacio Martínez Espinel, Guillermo Botero, and Álvaro Uribe are mentioned in relation to these issues, with the current government under Iván Duque facing criticism for its handling of the situation.

Latin America has created its own heroes to combat the coronavirus pandemic, including Colombia's Captain Quarantine, a humorous superhero who promotes staying at home. Created by the team behind the popular web series Vida Pública Show, Captain Quarantine navigates household chores and mental health challenges while his wife, a frontline medical worker, battles the virus. The series, praised for its humor and positive messaging, aims to alleviate stress and promote safety during isolation. The character will continue to adapt to new challenges as quarantines end.

The Colombian Peace Tribunal (JEP) is set to investigate 47 cases of sexual violence during the armed conflict, based on testimonies from women in Los Montes de María. These cases involve abuses by the FARC, the Colombian Army, and the Police. The investigation is part of a broader effort to address crimes committed during the conflict, with human rights organizations advocating for a dedicated case on sexual violence. The report highlights patterns of abuse, including punishment, regulation of sexuality, and forced abortions, underscoring the widespread victimization of women by all armed groups, including state forces.

The article discusses the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic workers in Colombia, highlighting issues such as disguised dismissals, forced internment, and lack of financial support. It presents data from a survey showing that many domestic workers are confined without pay and face increased exploitation. The article also emphasizes the historical subordination of domestic workers and calls for government action to protect their rights and ensure their safety during the pandemic.

Avianca, the Colombian airline, has voluntarily filed for bankruptcy in the United States to reorganize its business amid the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The airline, which employs 21,000 people and serves 30 million users annually, has seen a 90% drop in passenger traffic and significant financial losses. The company aims to restructure its balance sheet and obligations, with its president expressing confidence in emerging as a more efficient airline. The decision has sparked debate in Colombia about potential government intervention to save the airline.

The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is severely affecting remittances to Colombia, particularly in regions like Valle del Cauca and Antioquia. Families dependent on money sent from abroad, such as Orfilia Romero in Pereira, are struggling due to lockdowns in both Colombia and countries like Spain. The Banco de la República reported a significant drop in remittances since late March, with a more than 60% decrease. The World Bank projects this to be the largest global remittance decline in recent history, primarily due to job and wage losses among migrant workers. The International Organization for Migration highlights the vulnerability of low-wage migrant workers, who are essential yet highly susceptible to economic downturns and health risks during the pandemic.

The overcrowded Villavicencio prison in Colombia has become a major COVID-19 hotspot, with over 706 inmates and guards infected. The crisis began in early April and has since spread to the surrounding community. A series of errors, including delayed test results and the transfer of inmates, exacerbated the situation. Local authorities, including the mayor and prison guard union leader, have raised alarms about the lack of information and resources. The Colombian government has been criticized for its slow response, and political debates have highlighted the need for better management of the prison system during the pandemic.

The article highlights the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on various individuals and businesses across Latin America. Jesús Carmona, a hotel owner in Mexico, describes the severe downturn in tourism and criticizes the Mexican government's response. María Victoria Añes, a young Venezuelan immigrant in Argentina, shares her challenges commuting and working during the quarantine. Paulo Sales of Grupo Moura in Brazil discusses the company's strategies to maintain operations and support employees. Brian Jiménez, a Colombian farmer, talks about the difficulties in selling produce. Gastón Portalez, an Argentine entrepreneur, explains how his business has been affected and his efforts to adapt. Karen Hernández, a factory worker in Mexico, expresses concerns about job security. Carlos Arturo Calle of Arturo Calle in Colombia emphasizes the company's commitment to its employees. Carla da Silva, a Brazilian nursing technician, describes the struggles of waiting for government aid.

The article discusses the tension between the Colombian national government, led by President Iván Duque, and local city governments, particularly Bogotá's Mayor Claudia López, over the pace of economic reactivation following COVID-19 quarantine measures. The national government initially announced the reopening of construction and manufacturing sectors, which faced criticism from local leaders concerned about health risks. Eventually, Duque conceded to local governments the responsibility of verifying safety protocols, leading to a more gradual and controlled reactivation process. The article highlights the differing approaches and cooperation between national and local authorities in managing the pandemic.

In Colombia, while major cities focus on the coronavirus crisis, rural areas face intensified forced eradication of coca plantations, leading to violent clashes and deaths. The government under Iván Duque has prioritized forced eradication over voluntary substitution, causing discontent among farmers who feel abandoned. Indigenous and rural communities demand a halt to eradication efforts, fearing COVID-19 spread and economic instability. The article highlights the ongoing conflict, the impact of government policies, and the broader social and health implications.

In Bogotá's poorest neighborhoods, red cloths in windows signal cries for help against hunger and poverty, a movement that began in Soacha. The initiative, highlighting the stark inequality exacerbated by Covid-19, has spread to other areas like Medellín and Ciénaga. The Colombian government and Bogotá's city hall have provided some financial aid, but it has been insufficient for many. The 'red cloth strategy' has become a symbol of protest and solidarity, with even the wealthier municipality of Envigado joining in to urge faster government and business support.

In the poorest neighborhoods of Bogotá, Colombia, red flags in windows symbolize cries for help against hunger and poverty exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic. The initiative, which began in Soacha, has spread to other areas, highlighting the severe impact of the pandemic on vulnerable populations. Despite government aid, many families remain in dire need, leading to protests and calls for more substantial support. The red flag has become a powerful symbol of social inequality and the struggle for survival during the pandemic.

Colombia has reinforced its border closure with Ecuador due to the critical COVID-19 situation in the neighboring country, which has over 3,000 cases and 145 deaths. The Colombian government has deployed additional military and police forces to prevent illegal crossings and the spread of the virus. The governor of Nariño, Jhon Rojas Cabrera, has requested further measures, including increased public health resources and the establishment of field hospitals. The situation in Tumaco is particularly concerning due to its poor healthcare infrastructure and high levels of poverty. Authorities are implementing a six-point strategy to manage the crisis, focusing on border screening, isolation, hospital expansion, and public order.

Indigenous communities in Colombia, recalling past tragedies from disease outbreaks, are taking measures to protect themselves from the coronavirus pandemic. The Organization National Indígena de Colombia (ONIC) estimates that 115,000 indigenous families are at risk. Challenges include lack of potable water, malnutrition, and limited access to healthcare. The government has been urged to provide urgent support, including food security, potable water, and preventive measures in indigenous languages. Indigenous groups have set up barricades to prevent outsiders from entering their territories, and there are calls for more government action to support these vulnerable communities.

Two Argentine sailors, Ramiro Catriel and Martín Mauri, faced a harrowing ordeal after their sailboat was damaged near Barranquilla, Colombia, amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Initially denied entry at multiple ports due to pandemic restrictions, they were eventually rescued after their boat ran aground. Despite testing negative for COVID-19, they faced further challenges, including being expelled from their quarantine apartment by fearful neighbors. The Colombian authorities are investigating the burning of their boat, and the sailors are seeking financial assistance from the Argentine Embassy.

Since Colombia closed its borders on March 24 due to the coronavirus pandemic, at least 4,500 Colombians have reported being stranded abroad, with 2,300 seeking assistance to return home. The Colombian Ministry of Transport and Migración Colombia have communicated that no flights will be allowed into the country, including humanitarian exceptions. Colombians abroad are facing visa expirations, financial difficulties, and lack of support, with some requiring medical attention. Efforts by consulates and embassies to provide temporary economic assistance for basic needs are underway. Conflicting statements from the government have caused further distress among those affected.

Violence and conflict with armed groups in Colombia persist despite the coronavirus pandemic, exacerbating fears and dangers for rural communities. Indigenous leaders and human rights defenders face heightened risks, with recent murders highlighting the ongoing threats. The government has imposed a quarantine, but armed groups enforce their own brutal measures, including curfews and threats of violence. Despite a reported decrease in overall crime, explosive devices and landmines continue to harm civilians. The military remains active to enforce quarantine measures and ensure the distribution of essential goods.

The article examines the response of religious leaders and governments in Latin America to the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the tension between religious practices and public health measures. It discusses the actions of leaders like Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Iván Duque, who have turned to religious symbols for protection, and contrasts them with the scientific recommendations to curb the virus's spread. The piece also covers the controversial stance of Brazilian religious leader Edir Macedo, who downplays the pandemic, and the varied responses of churches across the region, from continuing services to implementing safety measures. The article underscores the complex interplay between faith, tradition, and health in the face of a global crisis.

Colombian President Iván Duque has announced a 30-day ban on international passenger flights to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, acknowledging the decision as painful but necessary. Colombians and foreigners in transit have until midnight Sunday to travel via air terminals. Post-March 23, the exit of foreigners will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The country had previously allowed nationals and foreign residents to enter with mandatory quarantine. The decision follows evidence of inadequate controls at airports and public pressure. Avianca, Colombia's main airline, will ground 132 of its 142 aircraft, maintaining only 10 for domestic service.

The Colombian economy, heavily dependent on oil, is experiencing significant currency devaluation exacerbated by the coronavirus outbreak. The dollar has surged past 4,000 pesos, a historic high, causing economic instability. The Banco de la República has opted not to sell international reserves but to auction future dollar sales to enhance liquidity. The rising dollar benefits exporters and agricultural producers in the short term but poses long-term risks due to global economic slowdown and falling oil prices. The increased dollar value impacts technology, food, and manufacturing imports, potentially harming poorer populations. Economic experts warn of negative growth projections and potential government spending cuts.

The Supreme Court of Colombia has initiated a formal investigation against former president and current senator Álvaro Uribe over alleged vote buying to benefit President Iván Duque's campaign. The investigation was sparked by a phone call between a now-deceased drug trafficker, José Guillermo Hernández, and Uribe's advisor, María Claudia Daza, discussing under-the-table money for votes. Uribe and Duque have denied receiving campaign contributions from Hernández and claim ignorance of his criminal activities. The Attorney General's office, led by Francisco Barbosa, a close friend of Duque, has been criticized for potentially obstructing the investigation.

The Colombian Constitutional Court has decided not to fully legalize abortion, maintaining the status quo established in 2006, which allows abortion under specific circumstances. The decision, supported by six magistrates and opposed by three, has polarized Colombian society. President Iván Duque welcomed the ruling, while feminist groups vowed to continue their fight for broader abortion rights. The court's decision was based on the argument that the demand to penalize abortion lacked strong legal grounds and relied on vague interpretations. The ruling has significant implications for women's health and legal rights in Colombia.

The Uribismo faction in Colombia, led by former President Álvaro Uribe, has called for the expulsion of the UN Human Rights Office following a critical report by Michelle Bachelet. The report highlighted severe human rights violations in Colombia, including massacres and illegal actions by military forces. President Iván Duque and his government criticized the report as an infringement on Colombia's sovereignty and biased. The controversy extends to other UN agencies, with the government recently canceling a technical advisory agreement with the UNODC. The UN maintains its commitment to cooperation with Colombia.

The United Nations, through its Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (ACNUDH), has called for a comprehensive reform of Colombia's riot squad (ESMAD) due to numerous human rights violations, including the excessive use of force during protests. The report highlights a significant increase in violence and human rights abuses in Colombia in 2019, including 36 massacres and the deaths of 108 human rights defenders. The Colombian government, represented by President Iván Duque and Defense Minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo, has expressed strong objections to the report, questioning its objectivity and accuracy.

The book 'X: el Francotirador rebelde' by José Fajardo delves into the life of an ex-FARC guerrilla sniper, exploring the complexities of Colombia's long-standing conflict. Fajardo uses his journalistic perspective to question the motivations behind taking up arms and the challenges of reintegration into society. The narrative intertwines with Fajardo's personal quest to understand his family's history, particularly his uncle's involvement with the M-19 guerrilla group. The book emphasizes the anonymity and diverse voices of those affected by the war, offering a nuanced view of victims and perpetrators in a polarized society.

Marcelo Lombardero's contemporary production of 'Don Giovanni' reinterprets the classic opera through the lens of modern issues such as sexual abuse, inspired by the Dominique Strauss-Kahn scandal. The production, which has already seen success in Argentina and Chile, aims to challenge traditional views and provoke reflection on societal norms. Lombardero's approach to opera often involves recontextualizing classic works to address current social issues, as seen in his previous productions of 'Carmen' and 'Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk'. The musical direction is led by José Areán, with contributions from the Orquesta Filarmónica de Bogotá and artists from various Latin American countries.

Four people, including three students and an Uber driver, were murdered in Puebla, Mexico, sparking outrage and protests among the student community. The victims were José Antonio Parada, a 22-year-old medical student from Bogotá, Ximena Quijano, a 25-year-old Colombian student, Francisco Tirado, a 22-year-old Mexican student, and Josué Emanuel Vital, a 29-year-old driver. The Puebla Prosecutor's Office has arrested three suspects but the motive remains unclear. The students' families are in Mexico to repatriate the bodies, and the local community is demanding more effective security measures.

In Ituango, Colombia, over 800 peasants have been displaced due to escalating violence between illegal armed groups, including FARC dissidents and paramilitary groups like ACG. Despite warnings from the Defensoría del Pueblo, the government's response has been criticized for its lack of effectiveness and political will. The displaced, including children and elderly, have sought refuge in urban areas, highlighting the ongoing humanitarian crisis. Historical context shows Ituango's long-standing vulnerability to armed conflict, with civilians repeatedly caught in the crossfire.

A group of Catholic women in Colombia, Católicas por el Derecho a Decidir (Cdd), are advocating for the right to abortion as the country's Constitutional Court prepares to respond to a demand that seeks to make abortion illegal in all cases. The group, which began in Uruguay and spread across Latin America, bases its arguments on liberation theology and social justice, emphasizing the inequality and risks poor women face due to the criminalization of abortion. Despite threats of excommunication and social media attacks, they continue to push for reproductive autonomy and challenge the patriarchal stances of the Catholic Church. The current debate in Colombia, a secular state, has been polarized, with political figures like former president Álvaro Uribe proposing a referendum to counter potential decriminalization. The group's work includes outreach in local communities and emphasizes moral agency and personal decision-making in matters of abortion.

The replacement of Claudia García, the director of Colombia's Instituto de Medicina Legal, by the new fiscal Francisco Barbosa has caused significant controversy. García, known for her work on identifying victims of state violence and her role in the exhumation of bodies in collaboration with the Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (JEP), was removed without a clear explanation. Critics, including left-wing politician Gustavo Petro, argue that this move could hinder ongoing forensic investigations and suggest it may be an attempt to ensure impunity for state crimes. Barbosa, closely associated with President Iván Duque, has appointed Jorge Arturo Jiménez as the interim director, stating his intention to modernize the institute.

Victims of the 'false positives' scandal, a term for extrajudicial killings of civilians by the Colombian military, have expressed outrage at the testimony of retired General Mario Montoya before the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP). Montoya, who commanded the army during the period when most 'false positives' occurred, was criticized for his responses which victims felt were dismissive and failed to contribute to the truth. The JEP is tasked with judging the most serious crimes of the Colombian armed conflict. Victims and their families are calling for Montoya to be excluded from the transitional justice process or to have their cases sent to the JEP's Investigation and Accusation Unit. The tribunal continues to contrast versions of events, having heard from 215 military personnel so far, including Montoya and other generals.

In Colombia, the abortion debate has reignited, 14 years after it was legalized under three circumstances: fetal malformation, sexual violence, or risk to the woman's physical or mental health. A citizen's demand calls for revisiting the ruling to reinstate a total ban. The Constitutional Court is expected to rule soon, while conservative and Uribismo-affiliated congress members push for Congress to debate the issue. A high-profile case involves a man accusing his ex-partner of homicide for terminating a pregnancy at seven months. Profamilia, a private service provider, asserts the procedure was legal. Bogotá's mayor Claudia López, and other advocates, call for total decriminalization, citing barriers and stigmatization faced by women. Despite legal exceptions, women still face criminalization, with 2,290 women charged with abortion between 2005 and 2017. The Ministry of Health reports 828 women died from 2005 to 2017 due to unsafe abortions.

Former Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos emphasized the importance of dialogue in resolving Venezuela's crisis during the Hay Festival in Cartagena. He criticized military intervention and highlighted the need for a dignified exit for Nicolás Maduro. Santos reflected on his peace efforts with FARC, despite ongoing challenges, and stressed the importance of supporting victims. He also reiterated his stance on revising global anti-drug strategies. The event underscored Santos's commitment to peace and dialogue, receiving positive reception from the audience.

Colombian literature is reflecting a period of transition after a half-century-long conflict, following the peace agreement. Writers like José Fajardo, Sergio Álvarez, and Pablo Montoya explore themes of memory, identity, and the fragile peace through their narratives. The literature serves as a mirror to society, offering a means to process collective trauma and envision a future beyond violence. The article also discusses the role of non-fiction works by figures such as former President Juan Manuel Santos and ex-combatant Martín Cruz Vega in shaping the official narrative of Colombia's past and its path towards peace.

In the border region between Colombia and Venezuela, armed groups exert violent control over the local population, enforcing their own rules through threats, forced labor, and even death. Human Rights Watch reports that these groups, including the ELN, FARC dissidents, and the FPLN, operate with impunity, often with the complicity of Venezuelan authorities. The violence includes torture, sexual violence, and the recruitment of minors. The report calls for the Colombian government to strengthen its judicial system and provide better protection for prosecutors, rather than relying solely on military presence.

Rodrigo Londoño, the former leader of the FARC guerrilla and signatory of the peace agreement, survived an assassination attempt orchestrated by dissidents Iván Márquez and El Paisa. The Colombian police thwarted the attack, killing two ex-guerrillas involved. Londoño acknowledges the police and army's role in saving his life, despite internal party criticism and the complex security situation for social leaders and ex-guerrillas. He seeks answers regarding the ex-guerrillas' deaths and criticizes the government's inadequate implementation of the peace agreement's security measures. Londoño plans to propose a name change for the FARC party to avoid confusion with dissident groups, which he considers deserters with no political future.

The former head of the Colombian Army, General Nicacio Martínez, allegedly ordered illegal wiretaps on politicians, judges, and journalists, according to an investigation by Semana magazine. The wiretaps were conducted from military installations and targeted opposition figures and officials who exposed corruption within the Army. The scandal has drawn comparisons to past illegal espionage activities during Álvaro Uribe's presidency and has led to calls for accountability from the current government, including President Iván Duque and Defense Minister Carlos Holmes Trujillo.

In Colombia, at least one person fell victim to explosive devices and landmines every day in 2019, with 11 victims reported in a single week in December. The International Committee of the Red Cross highlights the ongoing danger from landmines, a legacy of five decades of conflict. Despite efforts to clear mines as part of the peace agreement with FARC, the number of victims remains high, particularly among rural populations. The resurgence of armed groups, including ELN and paramilitary factions, has exacerbated the situation. The use of improvised explosive devices with controlled detonation is increasing, complicating victim recognition and compensation. The Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor reports new contamination in areas previously unaffected. The Colombian government continues demining efforts but is far from its goal of eliminating landmines by 2021, now extended to 2025.

General Nicacio Martínez, the head of the Colombian Army, has been relieved of his duties following a year of controversies. President Iván Duque announced the change, citing Martínez's family reasons. Martínez's tenure was marked by a controversial directive to double combat results, allegations of extrajudicial killings, and a critical security situation in Colombia. His replacement, General Eduardo Zapateiro, has a notable military background. The article also touches on the broader crisis of popularity facing Duque's administration.

In Colombia, at least one person fell victim to explosive devices and landmines daily in 2019, with 319 victims reported between January and November. The International Committee of the Red Cross highlights the ongoing humanitarian crisis, particularly affecting rural areas and civilians, despite peace agreements aimed at demining. The resurgence of armed groups and the use of improvised explosive devices have exacerbated the situation. The Colombian government reports fewer victims, focusing only on landmines, while other explosive devices cause significant harm. Efforts to clear mines continue, but the goal to eliminate them by 2021 has been extended to 2025.

Colombian riot police, particularly the Esmad unit, are under scrutiny for causing severe eye injuries to protesters during recent demonstrations. Multiple cases of young people losing vision due to police actions have been reported, drawing parallels to similar incidents in Chile. The article highlights personal stories of affected individuals and calls for accountability and justice. Opposition congress members demand the dismantling of Esmad, while the Ministry of Health reports hundreds of injuries but does not specify the number of ocular traumas.

In Colombia, landmines and explosive devices continue to pose a significant threat, with at least one victim reported daily in 2019. The International Committee of the Red Cross highlights the ongoing danger despite peace agreements aimed at removing such threats. The resurgence of armed groups, including ELN and paramilitary factions, exacerbates the situation, particularly in rural areas. The use of improvised explosive devices is increasing, complicating victim recognition and compensation. Efforts to clear mines have progressed, but Colombia remains far from its goal of eliminating landmines by 2025.

Santiago Gamboa discusses his return to Colombia and the country's evolving social and political landscape. He highlights the positive impact of the peace process with FARC, the rise of civil society, and the modern challenges Colombia faces, such as education, healthcare, and corruption. Gamboa criticizes President Iván Duque's leadership and the internal conflicts within the ruling party, Centro Democrático. He also reflects on the role of intellectuals and literature in shaping public discourse and understanding the post-conflict era.

Colombia faces ongoing tension between protest leaders and the government of Iván Duque, with unions calling for a new national strike. The protests, sparked by economic policies and intensified by the death of Dilan Cruz, demand the withdrawal of a tax reform bill and the dismantling of the riot police unit Esmad. The death of Cruz, a symbol for the protesters, has heightened the urgency and emotional weight of the demonstrations.

Latin American women took to the streets to protest against gender violence on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. Demonstrations occurred in Argentina, Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico, with demands including increased budgets to combat gender violence, legalization of abortion, and addressing political crises in the region. Argentine feminists protested outside the Bolivian Embassy in Buenos Aires, while Chilean women marched for rights amidst calls for a new constitution. In Peru, activists criticized the government's insufficient budget for combating violence against women, and in Colombia, women joined the national strike to demand action against feminicides. Mexican women protested against the pervasive violence in the country, where 10 women are killed daily.

Dilan Cruz, an 18-year-old student injured by the Colombian police's ESMAD unit during protests, has become a symbol of the movement against police violence and education inequality. The largely peaceful protests have led to widespread condemnation of the government's handling of the situation, with President Iván Duque calling for an investigation. The incident has drawn attention from the Commission Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, with concerns about potential government overreach and increased militarization.

Colombian protests against President Iván Duque's government continue despite strong police repression. Demonstrations in Bogotá and other cities have been met with tear gas and force by ESMAD, leading to injuries and widespread criticism. The Defensoría del Pueblo and Procuraduría General de la Nación have expressed concerns and initiated investigations into police actions. President Duque announced plans for a national dialogue to ease tensions. International bodies like the UN and EU have acknowledged the mostly peaceful nature of the protests but expressed concern over incidents of violence.

In response to escalating protests and acts of vandalism in Bogotá, President Iván Duque has deployed the Army alongside the police to maintain public order. The capital city has imposed a curfew and other restrictions following significant unrest, including attacks on public transport and looting. Duque has called for a national dialogue to address social issues and corruption, while facing criticism for his handling of the protests. The opposition and citizens demand immediate solutions to their grievances, condemning the violence but emphasizing the need for government action.

Bojayá, a town in Colombia's Chocó department, commemorates the 17th anniversary of a massacre where a hundred people, including children, died in a church due to a projectile launched by the FARC guerrilla. The victims' remains, identified after two years of forensic analysis, are being buried in a collective funeral. The event highlights the enduring scars and ongoing challenges faced by the community, including threats from armed groups and lack of stable electricity. The funeral aims to provide closure for the families and the community, allowing them to properly mourn their loved ones.

The article discusses the ongoing violence against indigenous communities in the Cauca region of Colombia, highlighting the recent assassination of indigenous leader Neehwesx Cristina Bautista and other community members. It criticizes the government's response, led by President Iván Duque, which has primarily involved military intervention, deemed insufficient by both the indigenous communities and the United Nations. The article also explores the involvement of various armed groups, including FARC dissidents and the Cartel de Sinaloa, in the region's drug trafficking activities. The indigenous communities, particularly the Nasa, have been targeted for their opposition to illicit crop cultivation. The article calls for a more integrated and consultative approach to address the crisis.

Guillermo Torres, a former FARC guerrilla known as 'the singer of the FARC,' has been elected as the mayor of Turbaco, Colombia, marking a significant transition from armed conflict to political leadership. His election is seen as a message of reconciliation and support for the peace process in Colombia. Torres ran under the leftist coalition Colombia Humana-UP, avoiding the FARC party name due to potential threats. His victory reflects the town's desire for change and better infrastructure, particularly in water supply. Despite his past, Torres emphasizes his cultural contributions and commitment to peace.

Daniel Quintero's victory in the Medellín mayoral election marks a significant defeat for Álvaro Uribe's party, Centro Democrático, in its stronghold. Quintero, an independent candidate, won by a nine-point margin over Alfredo Ramos. His campaign focused on education and a fresh political voice for the city. Despite facing threats and negative campaigning, Quintero's modest background, proposals for security technology, and anti-corruption stance resonated with voters, leading to his election in Colombia's second-largest city.

The assassination of Alexander Parra, a former FARC guerrilla member, in a reintegration zone has alarmed Colombian authorities. This incident marks the first killing within an ETCR, areas designated for ex-combatants' reintegration. President Iván Duque condemned the act and ordered swift investigations and increased security measures. The FARC party and international bodies like the UN have expressed concerns over the safety of ex-combatants and criticized the government's commitment to the peace process. The incident highlights ongoing security challenges and political tensions in Colombia.

Carlos Fernando Galán, born in Bogotá in 1977, closed his mayoral campaign with family support, invoking the legacy of his father, Luis Carlos Galán, who was assassinated in 1989. Despite his establishment background, Galán claims independence and has faced criticism and controversy during his campaign. He positions himself as a centrist, aiming to reconcile a polarized Bogotá and continue some projects of the current unpopular mayor, Enrique Peñalosa. His proposals focus on security, mobility, and gender equality. The mayoralty is seen as a stepping stone to the presidency, and Galán's relationship with the national government could influence his appeal to non-radical right-wing voters.

In Bogotá, two murals critical of President Iván Duque's government and the Colombian Army were censored within a month, sparking increased visibility and backlash. One mural, part of a campaign on extrajudicial executions, depicted military officials with numbers of false positives and was painted over by soldiers. High-profile figures such as Army Commander Nicacio Martínez and former commander Mario Montoya were featured. The censorship was met with more art and social media attention, questioning who ordered the erasure. Another incident involved artists Power Paola and Lucas Ospina, whose mural commissioned by the Ministry of Culture was whitewashed, erasing critical images of Álvaro Uribe and Iván Duque. The censorship was condemned by the National Artists' Salon, and the artists responded by printing 3,000 copies of the censored images, renaming the work 'The Lovely Mural'.

The article highlights the testimonies of families of victims of extrajudicial executions by the Colombian military, presented at the Tribunal of Peace. The families assert that their loved ones were falsely labeled as guerrillas and demand accountability from higher military and civilian authorities, including former presidents Álvaro Uribe and Juan Manuel Santos. The article underscores the systemic nature of these abuses across Colombia and the ongoing struggle for justice faced by the victims' families.

The Colombian Constitutional Court has invalidated President Iván Duque's tax reform, citing procedural errors in its legislative approval. This decision, which affects the government's economic strategy aimed at enhancing foreign investment, has sparked concerns about potential impacts on Colombia's economic growth. The court's ruling, effective from January 2020, allows the current law to operate until the end of the fiscal year. Analysts suggest that while the immediate economic impact may be limited, the decision could affect investment conditions in the medium term. The government plans to introduce a new bill to address these issues.

Former Colombian President Álvaro Uribe faces a judicial inquiry by the Supreme Court of Justice over alleged witness manipulation to favor himself and disassociate from paramilitary allegations. This marks the first time a former Colombian president has been brought before the high court. The inquiry has caused significant tension in the country, with Uribe's supporters threatening to protest. The court's decision, which will not be made immediately, could impact the upcoming regional elections on October 27.

Former Colombian President Álvaro Uribe has been formally linked to a criminal investigation for alleged procedural fraud and bribery. He appeared before the Supreme Court of Justice amid a polarized public reaction, with both supporters and detractors present. The case relates to witness manipulation accusations tied to paramilitary groups. The court will decide whether to proceed with the trial and any precautionary measures within 10 days. Uribe's lawyer, Diego Cadena, is implicated in the bribery accusation, which Uribe denies authorizing. The outcome of this case is expected to significantly impact Colombian politics.

Gabriela Figueroa's work on the story of Argentine women supporting others who choose to abort was recognized with a journalism grant from Oxfam and Fundación Gabo. During the festival in Medellín, discussions highlighted the challenges of gender-focused journalism, the lack of parity in media, and the difficulties women face in proposing gender-focused topics. The article underscores the significant role of feminism in driving social change and the evolving landscape of gender journalism, while also addressing the ongoing debate about the activist nature of gender journalism and the harassment faced by female journalists.

The Gabo Festival in Medellín awarded four projects that reflect the best stories in Ibero-American journalism, focusing on issues such as U.S. immigration raids, clandestine graves in Mexico, human trafficking in Venezuela, and lead poisoning in Havana. Mónica Baró won the text category for her investigation into lead poisoning in Havana, while Univisión Noticias Digital's documentary on immigration raids won the image category. The coverage category was awarded to a collaborative project documenting clandestine graves in Mexico, and the innovation category was won by a collaborative investigation into human trafficking. Photojournalist Jesús Abad Colorado received an excellence award, and Luis Enrique Rodríguez was honored with the Clemente Manuel Zabala award for an exemplary editor.

Journalism is deemed crucial for providing context and reliable information in a fragmented world, especially during times of crisis and uncertainty in democracies. Soledad Gallego-Díaz, Carmen Aristegui, and Pedro Doria emphasize the indispensable role of professional journalism in forming informed citizens and combating misinformation. The discussion highlights the challenges faced by journalists, including the intentional spread of false information and the need for investigative reporting to hold power accountable.

Since the 2016 peace agreement between the FARC and the Colombian government, 55 environmental defenders have been killed, with violence against them increasing by 97% in the first half of the year. Oxfam's report highlights Colombia as the second most dangerous country for environmental defenders, criticizing the government's inadequate response. The report calls for state policies to protect defenders, peace negotiations with the ELN, and adherence to the FARC peace agreement. Recommendations are also made to the EU and Spain to support protection mechanisms and halt arms sales to Colombia.

Journalism is more necessary than ever to make sense of fragmented information, especially during times of crisis and uncertainty in democracies. This was the consensus at a discussion in Medellín, Colombia, featuring EL PAÍS director Soledad Gallego-Díaz, Mexican journalist Carmen Aristegui, and Brazilian journalist Pedro Doria. They emphasized journalism's role in informing and integrating societies, providing context and verification, and distinguishing itself from mere news or social media. The conversation also touched on the challenges posed by political figures like Bolsonaro and the control of information by a small group of tech companies.

In Colombia, 502 minors have been criminalized for abortion, despite the procedure being legal under certain conditions since 2006. The article highlights the cases of young girls who faced legal action after being victims of sexual abuse and seeking abortions. Organizations like La Mesa por la Vida y la Salud de las Mujeres and DeJusticia are working to support these minors and address the barriers to legal abortion. The fear of criminalization drives many women to seek unsafe, clandestine abortions, risking their health. The article criticizes the Colombian legal system for its handling of abortion cases and the societal pressures that further complicate access to safe procedures.

Photographer Adriana Zehbrauskas, known for her work documenting anonymous stories in Brazil, Mexico, and now Colombia, participates in the One creative residency to capture the cultural legacy of communities in La Guajira and San Basilio de Palenque. Her project, Family Matters, aims to preserve the memory of these communities through family portraits, highlighting their resilience against threats of cultural disappearance. The residency, directed by Natalia Algarín and Allan Kassin, previously hosted Grammy-winning saxophonist David Sánchez, who composed a song with local musicians. Zehbrauskas's work emphasizes the importance of identity and memory, especially in regions affected by violence.

A delegation representing 567 Colombian human rights organizations presented a report to the European Parliament criticizing President Iván Duque's administration for undermining the peace process and human rights mechanisms. The report, titled 'El Aprendiz del Embrujo,' accuses the government of pretending to support peace while reigniting conflict and failing to uphold international human rights commitments. The document highlights concerns over the appointment of Alejandro Ordóñez, the government's reluctance to engage with UN human rights procedures, and the lack of transparency in following international recommendations. The report also criticizes the government's handling of social leaders' assassinations, military policies, and environmental issues.

Young activists inspired by Greta Thunberg are leading a global movement to combat climate change, emphasizing the urgency of the crisis and the need for immediate action. The movement, known as Fridays for Future, has rapidly gained momentum, with significant participation from youth across various countries. The article highlights the personal stories and motivations of several young activists, their efforts to raise awareness, and the challenges they face, particularly in regions like Latin America where environmental activism can be dangerous. The movement's influence extends to political spheres, as seen in the increased support for Green parties in Europe and the engagement with international bodies like the UN.

Argentina is currently facing economic pessimism and political unrest. The cost of living, including a significant rise in meat prices, has become a major concern for citizens. The country is experiencing high inflation, with private reports indicating a 12% increase in the first quarter of the year. Public transportation costs have doubled, affecting the daily lives of many. Politically, the country is deeply polarized between supporters of former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and current president Mauricio Macri. Kirchner is facing legal charges related to financial mismanagement, while Macri has been implicated in the Panama Papers scandal. Economic analysts predict a contraction in the economy with high inflation, but a potential recovery in the fourth quarter.